Following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and ongoing sporadic avian-to-human transmission of H5N1 viruses, an emphasis has been placed on better understanding the determinants and pathogenesis of severe ...influenza infections. Much of the current literature has focused on viral genetics and its impact on host immunity as well as novel risk factors for severe infection (particularly within the H1N1 pandemic). An understanding of the host genetic determinants of susceptibility and severe respiratory illness, however, is currently lacking. By better defining the role of genetic variability in influenza infection and identifying key polymorphisms that impair the host immune response or correlate with protection, we will be able to better identify at-risk populations and new targets for therapeutic interventions and vaccines. This paper will summarize known immunogenetic factors associated with susceptibility or severity of both pH1N1 and H5N1 infections and will also identify genetic pathways and polymorphisms of high relevance for future study.
In bright sunshine, temperatures within the apex of the keel of flowers of Lotus corniculatus were consistently higher in dark-keeled than in light-keeled individuals. Temperature differences may ...increase with higher ambient temperatures and averaged 5.7⚬C at 23.2⚬C ambient. In overcast conditions, no significant temperature differences between dark-keeled and light-keeled flowers were observed, or light keel temperatures were slightly greater. In general, temperatures within keels were lower than ambient. Within sites, dark-keeled plants showed a tendency to inhabit colder microsites than did light-keeled plants. Contrary to some earlier reports, we believe that most clinal variation for keel colour is temperature related. We suggest that there may be an optimum temperature for pollen germination and pollen tube growth. In cold microsites, dark-keeled plants would be more fecund, but in warm microsites light-keeled plants would set more seed, thus maintaining the polymorphism found in most sites.
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