Calculations and predictions are presented within the framework of the statistical hadronization model for transverse momentum spectra of the charmonium states J/ψ, ψ(2S) and X(3872) produced in ...nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC energies. The results are confronted with available data and exhibit very good agreement by using particle flow profiles from state-of-the-art hydrodynamic calculations. For X(3872) production in Pb–Pb collisions we predict a transverse momentum distribution similar in shape to that for J/ψ with a strong enhancement at low transverse momenta and a production yield of about 1% relative to that for J/ψ.
The internal structure of the human hippocampus is challenging to map using histology or neuroimaging due to its complex archicortical folding. Here, we aimed to overcome this challenge using a ...unique combination of three methods. First, we leveraged a histological dataset with unprecedented 3D coverage, BigBrain. Second, we imposed a computational unfolding framework that respects the topological continuity of hippocampal subfields, which are traditionally defined by laminar composition. Third, we adapted neocortical parcellation techniques to map the hippocampus with respect to not only laminar but also morphological features. Unsupervised clustering of these features revealed subdivisions that closely resemble gold standard manual subfield segmentations. Critically, we also show that morphological features alone are sufficient to derive most hippocampal subfield boundaries. Moreover, some features showed differences within subfields along the hippocampal longitudinal axis. Our findings highlight new characteristics of internal hippocampal structure, and offer new avenues for its characterization with in-vivo neuroimaging.
•The human hippocampus was investigated quantitatively in 3D BigBrain histology.•Morphological and laminar features were mapped to the unfolded hippocampus.•Unsupervised clustering of these features revealed hippocampal subfields.•Morphological features alone were sufficient to delineate subfield boundaries.•Gyrifications were seen throughout the head, body, and tail of subfield CA1.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder characterized by defective cilia and flagella motility. Chronic destructive-airway disease is caused by abnormal ...respiratory-tract mucociliary clearance. Abnormal propulsion of sperm flagella contributes to male infertility. Genetic defects in most individuals affected by PCD cause randomization of left-right body asymmetry; approximately half show situs inversus or situs ambiguous. Almost 70 years after the hy3 mouse possessing Hydin mutations was described as a recessive hydrocephalus model, we report HYDIN mutations in PCD-affected persons without hydrocephalus. By homozygosity mapping, we identified a PCD-associated locus, chromosomal region 16q21-q23, which contains HYDIN. However, a nearly identical 360 kb paralogous segment (HYDIN2) in chromosomal region 1q21.1 complicated mutational analysis. In three affected German siblings linked to HYDIN, we identified homozygous c.3985G>T mutations that affect an evolutionary conserved splice acceptor site and that subsequently cause aberrantly spliced transcripts predicting premature protein termination in respiratory cells. Parallel whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous nonsense HYDIN mutation, c.922A>T (p.Lys307(∗)), in six individuals from three Faroe Island PCD-affected families that all carried an 8.8 Mb shared haplotype across HYDIN, indicating an ancestral founder mutation in this isolated population. We demonstrate by electron microscopy tomography that, consistent with the effects of loss-of-function mutations, HYDIN mutant respiratory cilia lack the C2b projection of the central pair (CP) apparatus; similar findings were reported in Hydin-deficient Chlamydomonas and mice. High-speed videomicroscopy demonstrated markedly reduced beating amplitudes of respiratory cilia and stiff sperm flagella. Like the hy3 mouse model, all nine PCD-affected persons had normal body composition because nodal cilia function is apparently not dependent on the function of the CP apparatus.
Hadron production in relativistic nuclear collisions is well described in the framework of the Statistical Hadronization Model (SHM). We investigate the influence on SHM predictions of hadron mass ...spectra for light-flavor baryons and mesons modified by the addition of about 500 new states as predicted by lattice QCD and a relativistic quark model. The deterioration of the resulting thermodynamic fit quality obtained for Pb–Pb collision data at sNN=2.76 TeV suggests that the additional states are not suited to be naively used since also interactions among the states as well as non-resonant contributions need to be considered in the SHM approach. Incorporating these effects via the pion nucleon interaction determined from measured phase shifts leads again to excellent reproduction of the experimental data. This is a strong indication that at least the additional nucleon excited states cannot be understood and used as independent resonances.
A wealth of data on charmonium production in Pb-Pb collisions from the LHC experiments has provided strong evidence for (re-)generation as a dominant production mechanism at low transverse momentum. ...We present an important extension of the statistical hadronisation model to describe J/ψ transverse momentum distributions based on input parameters from hydrodynamical simulations. Comparison to the data allows the testing of the degree of thermalisation of charm quarks in the quark-gluon plasma. To this end we will report analyses of the J/ψ transverse momentum spectra in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76and5.02TeV.
Enantioselective synthesis of chiral alcohols through asymmetric addition of water across an unactivated alkene is a highly sought‐after transformation and a big challenge in catalysis. Herein we ...report the identification and directed evolution of a fatty acid hydratase from Marinitoga hydrogenitolerans for the highly enantioselective hydration of styrenes to yield chiral 1‐arylethanols. While directed evolution for styrene hydration was performed in the presence of heptanoic acid to mimic fatty acid binding, the engineered enzyme displayed remarkable asymmetric styrene hydration activity in the absence of the small molecule activator. The evolved styrene hydratase provided access to chiral alcohols from simple alkenes and water with high enantioselectivity (>99 : 1 e.r.) and could be applied on a preparative scale.
The enantioselective addition of water across unactivated alkenes is a much sought‐after chemical transformation and a major challenge in catalysis. Now a promiscuous engineered fatty acid hydratase produces chiral alcohols with high enantioselectivity, also on a preparative scale, using simple alkenes and water as reactants.
A considerable body of literature has reported on emotion perception deficits and the relevance to clinical symptoms and social functioning in schizophrenia. Studies published between 1970-2007 were ...examined regarding emotion perception abilities between patient and control groups and potential methodological, demographic, and clinical moderators. DATA SOURCES AND REVIEW: Eighty-six studies were identified through a computerized literature search of the MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed databases. A quality of reporting of meta-analysis standard was followed in the extraction of relevant studies and data. Data on emotion perception, methodology, demographic and clinical characteristics, and antipsychotic medication status were compiled and analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-analysis Version 2.0 (Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J and Rothstein H. Comprehensive Meta-analysis. 2. Englewood, NJ: Biostat; 2005).
The meta-analysis revealed a large deficit in emotion perception in schizophrenia, irrespective of task type, and several factors that moderated the observed impairment. Illness-related factors included current hospitalization and--in part--clinical symptoms and antipsychotic treatment. Demographic factors included patient age and gender in controls but not race.
Emotion perception impairment in schizophrenia represents a robust finding in schizophrenia that appears to be moderated by certain clinical and demographic factors. Future directions for research on emotion perception are discussed.
Substrates enter the proteasome core particle (CP) through a channel that opens upon association with the regulatory particle (RP). Using yeast mutants, we show that channel opening is mediated by ...the ATPase domain of Rpt2, one of six ATPases in the RP. To test whether degradation products exit through this channel, we analyzed their size distribution. Their median length from an open-channel CP mutant was 40% greater than that from the wild-type. Thus, channel opening may enhance the yield of peptides long enough to function in antigen presentation. These experiments demonstrate that gating of the RP channel controls both substrate entry and product release, and is specifically regulated by an ATPase in the base of the RP.
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