•A 2D imaging spin-filter for photoemission electron microscopy is introduced.•Spin–orbit scattering at Au/Ir(001) offers up to 104 detection channels.•Two spin-components are detected, scattering at ...an oxygen passivated iron film.•A method to detect all three spin components is outlined.
A two-dimensional imaging spin-filter for photo-emission electron microscopy is described. The spin-filter is capable of imaging the electron spin polarization of either real space or momentum space electron distributions. As a scattering target either Au/Ir(001) comes into use, where spin sensitivity results from using spin–orbit scattering or Fe(001)-p(1×1)O that exploits exchange interaction. Both scattering targets were characterized with respect to their working points and Sherman function in a separate setup. Spin-polarization images of secondary electrons from the magnetic domains of a poly-crystalline iron sample are shown using both scattering targets. Images with a spin-filter using Au/Ir(001) show more than 104 discrete detection channels which increases the effective two-dimensional figure-of-merit (FoM) of this spin-filter by four orders of magnitude compared to single-channel spin detectors. Using the exchange scattering target two spin-components have been imaged for the first time. A method to detect all three spin-components is also outlined.
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We prove the following dichotomy for the spaces
ℒ
p
,
q
,
α
(
a
)
(
X
,
Y
) of all operators
T
∈
ℒ
(
X
,
Y
) whose approximation numbers belong to the Lorentz-Zygmund sequence spaces
ℓ
p
,
q
(log
ℓ
)
...α
: If
X
and
Y
are
infinite-dimensional
Banach spaces, then the spaces
ℒ
p
,
q
,
α
(
a
)
(
X
,
Y
) with 0 <
p
< ∞, 0 <
q
≤ ∞ and
α
∈ ℝ are all different from each other, but otherwise, if
X
or
Y
are
finite-dimensional
, they are all equal (to
ℒ
(
X
,
Y
)).
Moreover we show that the scale
{
ℒ
∞
,
q
(
a
)
(
X
,
Y
)
}
0
<
q
<
∞
is strictly increasing in
q
, where
ℒ
∈,
q
(
a
)
(
X
,
Y
) is the space of all operators in
ℒ
(
X
,
Y
) whose approximation numbers are in the limiting Lorentz sequence space
∓
∈,
q
.
Amines have recently been found to be an important ingredient in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric aerosols; however, global estimates of the spatial and temporal extent of ...amine‐enhanced nucleation are currently missing. We utilize two recently published laboratory data sets of amine‐sulfuric acid nucleation to evaluate the accuracy of previously published nucleation parameterizations and to produce a new amine‐enhanced new particle formation (NPF) parameterization that better reproduces the laboratory observations at atmospherically relevant sulfuric acid concentrations. We implement and compare the amine‐enhanced NPF parameterizations and a kinetic nucleation parameterization within the global aerosol‐climate model ECHAM‐HAMMOZ and find that the spatial features of amine‐enhanced and kinetic NPF are clearly different. Amine‐enhanced NPF is limited to areas near the source regions of amine due to its short gas phase residence time of 6.9 h, whereas kinetic nucleation (which depends only on sulfuric acid concentration) produces particles more uniformly across the globe due to long‐range transport of SO2. The notably stronger land‐sea contrast in amine‐enhanced nucleation simulations is in line with relatively rare atmospheric observations of NPF over open oceans. However, when the uptake of gas phase amine molecules to aerosol particles is limited according to previously published estimates (0.2% of collisions leading to uptake), the amine‐enhanced NPF parameterization predicts in some regions unrealistically high NPF rates (∼1000 cm−3 s−1) compared to typical observations. Our results indicate that amine‐enhanced nucleation may be an important particle formation mechanism near amine source regions but also highlights the need for more tightly defined constraints on the spatial and temporal distribution of amine emissions, gas‐to‐particle partitioning mechanisms of amines, and condensation and coagulation sinks in global models.
Key Points
New parameterization for amine‐enhanced new particle formation (NPF) is produced
The behavior of amine‐enhanced NPF is studied using a global aerosol‐climate model
Globally amine‐enhanced NPF is important near the source regions due to its short lifetime
Endocrine treatment (ET) with an aromatase inhibitor (AI) is the treatment of choice in post-menopausal patients with hormone receptor–positive early breast cancer (EBC). However, adverse events ...(AEs) often lead to treatment discontinuation. This analysis aimed to identify side-effects that lead to patients failing to persist with letrozole treatment.
Post-menopausal hormone receptor–positive EBC patients starting ET with letrozole were enroled in EvAluate-TM, a non-interventional study. Information regarding treatment compliance and persistence was gathered in months 6 and 12. Persistence was defined as the time from 30 d after the start to the end of treatment. The influence on persistence of musculoskeletal syndrome, menopausal disorder, sleep disorder and other AEs within the first 30 d was analysed using Cox regression analyses.
Among 3887 patients analysed, the persistence rate after 12 months was >85%. In all, 568 patients (14.6%) discontinued the treatment, 358 of whom (63.0%) did so only because of side-effects. The main AEs influencing persistence were musculoskeletal symptoms (hazard ratio HR 2.55; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.90–3.42), sleep disorders (HR 1.95; 95% CI, 1.41–2.70) and other AEs (HR 2.03; 95% CI, 1.51–2.73). Menopausal disorder was not associated with non-persistence (HR 1.17; 95% CI, 0.74–1.84).
These results suggest that side-effects of AIs such as musculoskeletal syndrome and sleep disorder lead to ET discontinuation within the first treatment year in significant numbers of EBC patients. Compliance programmes adapted for subgroups that are at risk for early non-persistence might help to ensure the recommended therapy duration.
CFEM345DDE19.
•Letrozole is discontinued by 14.6% of post-menopausal breast cancer patients after 1 year.•Sixty-three percent of premature treatment terminations are due to letrozole-induced side-effects.•Main adverse events influencing persistence were musculoskeletal symptoms and sleep disorder.•Menopausal disorder was not associated with non-persistence.
Purpose
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be formed in foods by the reaction of reducing sugars with proteins, and have been shown to induce insulin resistance and obesity in experimental ...studies. We examined the association between dietary AGEs intake and changes in body weight in adults over an average of 5 years of follow-up.
Methods
A total of 255,170 participants aged 25–70 years were recruited in ten European countries (1992–2000) in the PANACEA study (Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of smoking, Eating out of home in relation to Anthropometry), a sub-cohort of the EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). Body weight was measured at recruitment and self-reported between 2 and 11 years later depending on the study center. A reference database for AGEs was used containing UPLC–MS/MS-measured N
ε
-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML), N
ε
-(1-carboxyethyl)-lysine (CEL), and N
δ
-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1) in 200 common European foods. This reference database was matched to foods and decomposed recipes obtained from country-specific validated dietary questionnaires in EPIC and intake levels of CEL, CML, and MG-H1 were estimated. Associations between dietary AGEs intake and body weight change were estimated separately for each of the three AGEs using multilevel mixed linear regression models with center as random effect and dietary AGEs intake and relevant confounders as fixed effects.
Results
A one-SD increment in CEL intake was associated with 0.111 kg (95% CI 0.087–0.135) additional weight gain over 5 years. The corresponding additional weight gain for CML and MG-H1 was 0.065 kg (0.041–0.089) and 0.034 kg (0.012, 0.057), respectively. The top six food groups contributing to AGEs intake, with varying proportions across the AGEs, were cereals/cereal products, meat/processed meat, cakes/biscuits, dairy, sugar and confectionary, and fish/shellfish.
Conclusion
In this study of European adults, higher intakes of AGEs were associated with marginally greater weight gain over an average of 5 years of follow-up.
The aim of this paper is to survey properties of Gaussian approximation numbers. We state the basic relations between these numbers and other
s
-numbers as, e.g., entropy, approximation, or ...Kolmogorov numbers. Furthermore, we fill a gap and prove new two-sided estimates in the case of operators with values in a
K
-convex Banach space. In the final section, we apply relations between Gaussian and other
s
-numbers to the
d
-dimensional integration operator defined on
L
2
0, 1
d
.
Purpose
In clinically node-positive breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST), nodal metastases can be initially marked and then removed during surgical axillary staging. ...Marking methods vary significantly in terms of feasibility and cost. The purpose of the extended TATTOO trial was to report on the false-negative rate (FNR) of the low-cost method carbon tattooing.
Methods
The international prospective single-arm TATTOO trial included clinically node-positive breast cancer patients planned for NST from November 2017 to January 2021. For the present analysis, patients who received both the targeted procedure with or without an additional sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy
and
a completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) were selected. Primary endpoint was the FNR.
Results
Out of 172 included patients, 149 had undergone a completion ALND. The detection rate for the tattooed node was 94.6% (141 out of 149). SLN biopsy was attempted in 132 out of 149 patients with a detection rate of 91.7% (121 out of 132). SLN and tattooed node were identical in 58 out of 121 individuals (47.9%). The combined procedure, i.e. targeted axillary dissection (TAD) was successful in 147 of 149 cases (98.7%). Four out of 65 patients with a clinically node-negative status after NST had a negative TAD but metastases on ALND, corresponding to a FNR of 6.2%. All false-negative TAD procedures were performed in the first 2 years of the trial (2018–2019,
p
= 0.022).
Conclusion
Carbon tattooing is a feasible marking method for TAD with a high detection rate and an acceptably low FNR.
The TATTOO trial was preregistered as prospective trial before initiation at the University of Rostock, Germany (DRKS00013169).
To characterize meal patterns across ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study.
Cross-sectional study utilizing ...dietary data collected through a standardized 24 h diet recall during 1995-2000. Eleven predefined intake occasions across a 24 h period were assessed during the interview. In the present descriptive report, meal patterns were analysed in terms of daily number of intake occasions, the proportion reporting each intake occasion and the energy contributions from each intake occasion.
Twenty-seven centres across ten European countries.
Women (64 %) and men (36 %) aged 35-74 years (n 36 020).
Pronounced differences in meal patterns emerged both across centres within the same country and across different countries, with a trend for fewer intake occasions per day in Mediterranean countries compared with central and northern Europe. Differences were also found for daily energy intake provided by lunch, with 38-43 % for women and 41-45 % for men within Mediterranean countries compared with 16-27 % for women and 20-26 % for men in central and northern European countries. Likewise, a south-north gradient was found for daily energy intake from snacks, with 13-20 % (women) and 10-17 % (men) in Mediterranean countries compared with 24-34 % (women) and 23-35 % (men) in central/northern Europe.
We found distinct differences in meal patterns with marked diversity for intake frequency and lunch and snack consumption between Mediterranean and central/northern European countries. Monitoring of meal patterns across various cultures and populations could provide critical context to the research efforts to characterize relationships between dietary intake and health.
Patients’ compliance and persistence with endocrine treatment has a significant effect on the prognosis in early breast cancer (EBC). The purpose of this analysis was to identify possible reasons for ...non-persistence, defined as premature cessation of therapy, on the basis of patient and tumor characteristics in individuals receiving adjuvant treatment with letrozole.
The EvAluate-TM study is a prospective, multicenter, noninterventional study in which treatment with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole was evaluated in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive EBC in the early therapy phase. Treatment persistence was evaluated at two pre-specified study visits after 6 and 12 months. As a measure of early therapy persistence the time from the start to the end of treatment (TTEOT) was analyzed. Cox regression analyses were carried out to identify patient characteristics and tumor characteristics predicting TTEOT.
Out of the total population of 3941 patients with EBC, 540 (13.7%) events involving treatment cessation unrelated to disease progression were observed. This was due to drug-related toxicity in the majority of cases (73.5%). Persistence rates were 92.2%, 86.9%, and 86.3% after 6, 12, and 15 months, respectively. The main factors influencing premature treatment discontinuation were older age hazard ratio (HR) 1.02/year, comorbidities (HR 1.06 per comorbidity), low body mass index, and lower tumor grade (HR 0.85 per grade unit).
These results support the view that older, multimorbid patients with low tumor grade and low body mass index are at the greatest risk for treatment discontinuation and might benefit from compliance and support programs.
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