Abstract
Indonesia has the largest mangrove forests in the world, about 22.6% of the global total area. Mangrove forests are known to provide great benefits to the community as an ecosystem service ...and globally. Mangrove forests are threatened with loss due to anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic activities. Our previous research results show the important role of mangroves in the context of climate change for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the diversity of terpenoids for salinity defense. The term metabarcoding of environmental DNA as a key indicator for evaluating mangrove ecosystems was introduced. This work proposed framework to study environmental DNA metabarcoding applications that can provide accurate information for evaluating mangrove ecosystems using an easy and fast method. The rich mangrove forest is getting disappeared without being recognized by its true diversity, function, and potential services to human beings. Application of conservation activities based on the species diversity in the mangrove ecosystem is almost impossible, because it is too difficult to study, in term of time and effort, despite the importance of acquiring the biodiversity information. However, DNA metabarcoding can be a “dream-like” tool and will contribute to obtain the species diversity data of the mangrove ecosystem, rapidly, globally, and massively.
Abstract
Chengham (
Scphyphora hydrophyllacea
Gaertn. f., Rubiaceae) is a mangrove shrub or tree commonly in landward mangrove zones having some biological activities. All parts of
S. hydrophyllacea
...have shown some components benefits to biological and pharmaceutical properties. This present study aimed to analyze the distribution and composition of polyisorenoid in senesnece leaves, fruits and branches of
S. hydrophyllacea
. Polyisoprenid patter was evaluated by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (2D-TLC) approach. The total lipid (TL) content of five samples ranged from 5.7 mg/g in branches to 10.0 mg/g in the old leaves. Additionally, the percentage of polyprenol of senescence leaves slightly abundance compare to dolichol in the polyisoprenoid presence. Overall, polyprenol was found in higher content than dolichol in the yellow leaves. Results of this study found the type-II of
S. hydrophyllacea
fruits was in line with earlier reports on the plant fruits. The present study provided the occurrence of polyprenols and dolichols in
S. hydrophyllacea
tested organs.
Abstract
eDNA sampling is a more affordable, quick, and consistent method to understand the aquatic ecosystem, especially the ocean, with freely associated DNA in water suitable for estimating ...diversity, composition, and behaviour. Furthermore, it helps to propose management plans to use sustainable ocean resources. The world's mangroves are currently under threat, and they also provide habitat for International Union Conservation of Nature (IUCN)-listed threatened species (e.g., Dugong, Bengal Tiger, etc.). These species are inextricably linked to the mangrove ecosystem, forming a sustenance chain that can be disrupted if lost. On the other hand, the more reliable methods to monitor threatened species are not clearly established and mostly depend on the non-standardized method, which requires practical and taxonomic expertise and limits the data-driven conservation acts. The implementation of eDNA in ocean data collection and monitoring of endangered species is still in a progressive stage and the studies on the eDNA of threatened species from mangrove ecosystems are few. Environmental DNA surveys have also mapped the distribution of endangered European eel (
Anguilla anguilla
) during spring and documented threatened sharks and rays across eastern Indonesia. As a hallmark, UNESCO recently launched a project to understand the richness of biodiversity. The main objective is to monitor fishes, including the IUCN red-listed species, through eDNA collected across the selected marine World Heritage sites. The recent observations ensure that eDNA might be used to monitor the IUCN-designated threatened taxa found in the tropical mangrove ecosystem. The outcomes of this eDNA technique are crucial for providing information regarding conservation priorities.
INTRODUCTION Polymers obtained by coupling a rigid macromolecular component glassy or crystalline at room temperature (the "hard segment") with a flexible macromolecular component in a molten state ...at room temperature (the "soft segment") form hard domains in the aggregated state. Since the molten component is thus linked to hard domains, the materials are non-fluid, exhibiting flexibility and stretchability at room temperature. When the temperature is lowered again, rubbery elasticity is recovered, and the elastomer can therefore be reprocessed or re-utilised, hence the name thermoplastic elastomer (TPE). Since they have characteristic mechanical properties not seen in metals or ceramics, TPEs have found numerous applications ranging from vibration damping materials to office requisites which exploit these characteristics. The poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P) was synthesised by reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation by mixing and heating azobis-isobutyronitrile (AIBN), a difunctional RAFT agent 9, and 4-vinylpyridine monomer 10, 11. Since RAFT residual groups were thus introduced into the middle of the synthesised P chain, this served as a macro-RAFT agent from which P-Ba-P that had two monomers randomly inserted in the middle of the P chains was synthesised by mixing the macro-RAFT agent, butyl acrylate monomer and acrylamide monomer, and polymerising the heated mixture (Figure 2). Given that both materials have the same molecular weight and phase structure, the differences in mechanical properties may be attributed to the introduction of amide groups into the middle chain. ...the increase in apparent crosslink density due to the introduction of amide groups and formation of hydrogen bonds would have given rise to additional stress.
We measured the optical reflectivity spectra under applied uniaxial strain for bulk single crystals of BaV10O15, which exhibits orbital ordering at 130 K. We found that, with compressive strain, ...particularly, along the b axis, the reflectivity spectrum at room temperature changes almost in an isotropic manner as if it changes to that at lower temperatures. This experimental result indicates a strong coupling between the orbital degree of freedom and the strain in this compound.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and that of its receptors were assessed in non-small cell lung cancer. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive VEGF-C expression in 38.7% ...(24/62) of the patients studied. A significant positive correlation was found between VEGF-C in cancer cells and VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) in vascular endothelial cells, but not between VEGF-C in cancer cells and VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells. In this cohort of lung cancer patients, VEGF-C expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, lymphatic vessel invasion, and worse outcomes after the operation. Although the independent prognostic impact of VEGF-C and VEGFR-3 was not clear, VEGFR-2 expression in endothelial cells retained the independency as the prognostic indicator. In light of these findings, we conclude that VEGF-C plays an important role in lymphatic invasion/metastasis and tumour progression in non-small cell lung cancer.
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