Oral stings by spermatophores of a squid Kakimoto, S; Harada, Y; Shimizu, T
QJM : An International Journal of Medicine,
03/2022, Volume:
115, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Front-end electronics of the Belle II aerogel ring imaging detector Pestotnik, R.; Adachi, I.; Burmistrov, L. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
02/2020, Volume:
952
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
A proximity focusing RICH detector with an aerogel radiator is used for charged particle identification in the forward end-cap of the Belle II spectrometer. The detector, consisting of a 4 cm aerogel ...radiator, a 16 cm expansion volume and a photon detector with 420 Hybrid Avalanche Photo Detectors, is mounted in a very confined space between Central Drift Chamber and Electromagnetic Calorimeter, allowing only 5 cm of space for the readout electronics. In our solution, low power front-end read-out boards are mounted at the back side of each of the HAPD photosensors. These boards have each been tested individually before their installation onto the photosensors and into the spectrometer. Most important design issues and first experiences with the aforementioned front-end read-out boards are presented in this contribution.
Abstract
The Aerogel Ring Imaging Cherenkov (ARICH) counter serves as a particle identification device in the forward end-cap region of the Belle II spectrometer. It is capable of identifying pions ...and kaons with momenta up to $4\>$GeV$\>$c$^{-1}$ by detecting Cherenkov photons emitted in the silica aerogel radiator. After the detector alignment and calibration of the probability density function, we evaluate the performance of the ARICH counter using early beam collision data. Event samples of $D^{\ast +} \to D^0 \pi^+ (D^0 \to K^-\pi^+)$ were used to determine the $\pi(K)$ efficiency and the $K(\pi)$ misidentification probability. We found that the ARICH counter is capable of separating kaons from pions with an identification efficiency of $93.5 \pm 0.6 \, \%$ at a pion misidentification probability of $10.9 \pm 0.9 \, \%$. This paper describes the identification method of the counter and the evaluation of the performance during its early operation.
Background and purpose:
Despite the rapid progress made in understanding the significant role played by signalling via extracellular ATP in physiology and pathology, there has been no clear ...information generated on its involvement in the emetic response.
Experimental approach:
In the present study, the emetogenic potential of extracellular ATP signalling in mammalian species was examined using ferrets and Suncus murinus (house musk shrews). A slowly degradable ATP analogue, α,β‐methyleneATP (α,β‐meATP), was used to activate the P2X receptors, and either the non‐selective P2 receptor antagonist, pyridoxal phosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS), or the specific P2X3 homomer and P2X2/3 heteromer antagonist, A‐317491, were tested against the agonist‐induced response.
Key results:
Intraperitoneal injection of α,β‐meATP produced significant emetic responses in ferrets (1 ‐ 30 mg kg−1) and in Suncus murinus (5 ‐ 50 mg kg−1). The responses occurred frequently within the first 10 min after administration, much less frequently from 11 to 60 min and no responses occurred later than 60 min. The emetic responses were completely inhibited by intraperitoneal pre‐treatment with PPADS (100 mg kg−1) or A‐317491 (100 mg kg−1). Abdominal surgical vagotomy did not reduce the emetic response in Suncus murinus significantly.
Conclusions and implications:
These results for the first time indicate that the activation of P2X receptors evokes emetic responses in mammalian species. The P2X3 homomer and·or P2X2/3 heteromer in the area postrema could be responsible for the emetic response. This finding contributes to the elucidation of the roles played by extracellular ATP signalling in various emetic symptoms.
British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 464–470; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707418; published online 13 August 2007
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