Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease, with unknown etiology. Vitamins, as important micronutrients playing different roles in body, seem to be important in MS ...pathogenesis. In vitro, in vivo and human studies, supports the protective role of some vitamins in MS occurrence or progression. Current study reviews recent insights and reports about the importance of vitamins in MS incidence or progression. In accordance, the importance of all water and fat-soluble vitamins in MS pathogenesis based on observational studies in human population and their role in the function of immune system as well as possible therapeutic opportunities are discussed in depth throughout this review.
•Vitamin D has important roles in MS and can be measured as precursor, or used as treatment.•B6, B9, and B12 deficiency can elevate serum level of homocystenie, which may lead to an inflammatory in the CNS.•Vitamins A, E, and B1 deficiencies are believed to play important roles in MS pathophysiology according to animal models.•Using high doses of vitamin C can worsen MS conditions because of promoting Fenton reaction.•Vitamins D, B9, B12, A, B1, and B3 may improve relapses, degeneration rate, inflammation, and clinical symptoms.
The tendency to use less-invasive laser-based methods with far more obvious effectiveness has been taken into consideration today for improvement of burning scars. The present study thus aimed to ...assess the efficacy of two laser-based techniques including pulsed dye laser (PDL) and ablative fractional CO2 laser (AFCL) and its combination on improving different aspects of burning scars regardless of the types of scar as hypertrophic or keloid scars. This randomized single-blinded clinical trial was performed on patients suffering hypertrophic or keloid burning scars. The patients were randomly assigned into three groups scheduling for treatment with PDL alone, AFCL alone, or its combination. All patients were visited before and 40 days after the last treatment session, and their scars were assessed. In all groups, significant improvement was revealed in the Vancouver scar scale (VSS) score, the color of scar, vascular bed in the scar, the and height of scar and its pliability; however, the improvement in each item was more highlighted in the group receiving a combination therapy with PDL and AFCL techniques. In this regard, the highest improvement was found in vascular bed and pliability in the combination therapy group as compared to other groups. Although the superiority of the combined group was not statistically significant, due to the high percentage of improvement in total VSS and most of its indicators, it can be clinically significant. The efficacy of the treatment protocols was different considering subgroups of mature and immature scars (less than 1 year), so that more improvement in pliability of scar, vascularity, and color of scar was found in the group scheduling for PDL + AFCL as compared to those who were treated with PDL alone in immature scar group but not in mature scar group. Combined treatment can be much more effective in improving the appearance and pathological characteristics of scars than each individual treatment. This effectiveness can be seen mainly in immature scars.
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