We have clearly discriminated the single-, bilayer-, and multiple-layer graphene (<10 layers) on Si substrate with a 285 nm SiO2 capping layer by using contrast spectra, which were generated from the ...reflection light of a white light source. Calculations based on Fresnel's law are in excellent agreement with the experimental results (deviation 2%). The contrast image shows the reliability and efficiency of this new technique. The contrast spectrum is a fast, nondestructive, easy to be carried out, and unambiguous way to identify the numbers of layers of graphene sheet. We provide two easy-to-use methods to determine the number of graphene layers based on contrast spectra: a graphic method and an analytical method. We also show that the refractive index of graphene is different from that of graphite. The results are compared with those obtained using Raman spectroscopy.
SUMMARY
Objective
To evaluate the degree of blood product and technical resources wasted as a result of allergic transfusion reactions.
Background
Allergic reactions are common, and most are ...non‐severe with rash, urticaria, or pruritus. Management includes treatment of symptoms and completion of transfusion. A quality review demonstrated that 30% of transfusion reaction work‐ups at our institution were allergic. This raised the concern of product wastage and unnecessary utilisation of laboratory resources.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of allergic reactions, including type of product implicated, volume of products transfused and discarded, the severity of reaction, the use of medications, the incidence of symptom resolution and the rate of repeat transfusion after the allergic event.
Results
Of 179 allergic reactions, non‐severe reactions were reported in 75%. Non‐severe reactions were associated with red blood cell, whereas most severe reactions were associated with platelets. Few cases had premedication; however, 83% of reactions were treated once symptoms developed, and 96% resolved. Of transfusions, 61% were stopped because of symptoms before the transfusion was completed. Of patients with non‐severe reactions and transfusions that were not completed, 36% were transfused again within 48 h, representing 16% of all allergic reactions.
Conclusion
Allergic reactions resulted in partial transfusion of the prescribed product in just over half of the cases reviewed. Most of these reactions were non‐severe, resolved with treatment and could have been completed, thus representing wastage of both blood products and the expense of the reaction evaluation. Educational efforts to eliminate/minimise this waste are in development.
Abstract
This development discusses multimedia interactive mobile learning by using mobile-based learning. In developing for design this mobile application using the media development model by ...William W. Lee & Diana L. called ADDIE. The development phase consists of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation. For appropriateness products, the product passes through the Alpha test stage which is validation conducted by the Material Expert and Media Expert, then revise the product according to the experts’ revision and recommendations. Furthermore, the product is implemented to 60 students of Class XI Science in Senior High School as the target user. Alpha test results show that the interactive multimedia mobile learning product is possible to use as a media learning.
Usually, wireless communication systems function in predefined frequency band although the LWAs scan the beam via sweeping the operating frequency. ...a huge number of applications utilized fixed ...frequency while beam scanning. ...there is a lack of study to provide fixed frequency-beam steering based on an HW-MLWA. Several LWAs have been built for the purpose of fixed-frequency scanning, which includes a multiterminal MLWA 15, Fabry-Perot LWA, composite left/right-handed (CRLH) LWA 16, and half-width MLWAs 17. Since there is a strong attachment of electric field between the ground plane and microstrip, the fundamental mode of a microstrip line never radiates. ...to the effective capacitance without patches, the longer patches bring out a reduced effective capacitance between the radiating edge and ground. ...slots cause the direction of the main beam to be moved towards the endfire.
Cadmium sulfide (CdS) micro/nanocrystalline structures were fabricated by thermal evaporation in the absence of a catalyst on ITO-coated glass and Si(100) substrates. The samples prepared at 520°C ...showed two structures of CdS: nanowires (NWs) and necklace-like microstructures grown on Si(111) and ITO substrates, respectively. The crystalline structures of the grown CdS necklace-like microstructures and NWs were studied using XRD analysis. The CdS necklaces and NWs structures were formed with hexagonal (wurtzite) structure. Two emission bands (green and red) were observed in the photoluminescence spectra of the prepared samples. The green PL emission in both structures showed a strong blue-shift compared with the optical band gap of CdS. Raman spectra of the grown CdS micro/nanocrystalline structures show redshift in the fundamental (1LO) and overtone (2LO) peaks location compared with Raman bands of bulk CdS.
Abstract This paper aims to survey the efforts of researchers in response to the novel and effective technology of control radiation pattern at a fixed frequency for leaky wave antenna (LWA), map the ...research landscape from the literature onto coherent taxonomy and determine the basic properties of this potential field. In the recent decades, the microstrip higher-order modes' radiation characteristics have received intensive studies due to the ease of manufacturing, large bandwidth, narrow beam width, inherent beam steering with frequency abilities, high gain and benefit of being low profile configuration 10, 11. The distinct versions of LWAs that have been built to date include a substrate integrated waveguide-leaky wave antenna (SIW-LWA) with transverse slots, dominant-mode LWA based on metamaterial, a 1D Fabry Perot (fP)- LWA, a half width microstrip LWA (HW-MLWA) with edge loading and a double-periodic CRLH SIW-LWA, a butterfly SIW-LWA, a multilayered composite right/left-handed (CRLH) LWA, a SIW LWA for endfire radiation, a periodic phase reversal LWA, a half mode substrate integrated waveguide (HM-SIW) circularly polarized LWA, a periodic HW- LWA, a CRLH SIW LWA, a coupled HW-LWA EH1-mode antenna, a HW- LWA with periodic short circuits, a substrate integrated composite right left hand (CRLH) LWA with two elements 15. Since the electric field is bound strongly between the microstrip line and the ground plane, the uniform microstrip line's fundamental mode lacks radiation. To compensate for the conformation impact and thus redirect focus onto the main radiation beam, dispersion engineering system is introduced. ...reviews are made about the planar and conformal varactors based on CRLH-LWAs that are electronically controlled. 2.2.Beam Steering by Using Metamaterials The initial segment of the research is directed the use of metamaterials to regulate radiation pattern.
Cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanowires (NWs) were prepared by the solvothermal method using ethylenediamine as a solvent. Two sets of CdS NWs were synthesized at 160 and 200 °C for various reaction ...durations (3⋅5, 7, and 24 h). Scanning/tunneling electron microscopy was used to examine the surface morphology of the grown NWs. Their dimensions are found to depend on the reaction temperature and duration. The CdS NWs grown at 200 °C for all durations are longer than those prepared at 160 °C, with diameters ranging from 15 to 40 nm. A three-armed structure is exhibited by all the samples. The grown CdS NWs display a hexagonal wurtzite phase and grows along the
001
direction. The optical absorption of the grown NWs shows a sharp absorption edge with a blueshift, which indicates an expansion of the optical band gap. All prepared samples show two emission peaks in their photoluminescence spectra. The emission peak location depends on the reaction temperature and duration. The CdS NWs prepared at 160 °C show a sharp band–band emission compared with those prepared at 200 °C. Raman analysis indicates that the optical properties of the grown NWs are enhanced with increased temperature and reaction duration.
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