Using the large acceptance apparatus FOPI, we study pion emission in the reactions (energies in A GeV are given in parentheses): 40Ca+40Ca (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5, 1.93), 96Ru+96Ru (0.4, 1.0, 1.5), ...96Zr+96Zr (0.4, 1.0, 1.5), 197Au+197Au (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5). The observables include longitudinal and transverse rapidity distributions and stopping, polar anisotropies, pion multiplicities, transverse momentum spectra, ratios (π+/π−) of average transverse momenta and of yields, directed flow, elliptic flow. The data are compared to earlier data where possible and to transport model simulations.
We present the centrality dependence of the proton rapidity distribution in isospin symmetric nuclear collisions with
A = 96. We also present the methods to test the degree of nuclear stopping power ...by using isospin asymmetric nuclear collisions. The results consistently demonstrate incomplete mixing and partial transparency of the projectile and target nuclei at SIS energies.
We present transverse momentum and rapidity spectra of charged pions in central Ru+Ru collisions at 400A and 1528A MeV. The data exhibit enhanced production at low transverse momenta compared to ...expectations from a thermal model that includes the decay of {delta}(1232) resonances and thermal pions. Modifications of the {delta} spectral function and the Coulomb interaction are necessary to describe the detailed shape of the transverse momentum spectra. Within the framework of the thermal model, the freeze-out radii of pions are similar at both beam energies. The isospin quantum molecular dynamics model reproduces the shapes of the transverse momentum and rapidity spectra of pions, but the predicted absolute yields are larger than in the measurements, especially at lower beam energy.
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