In the present study, we report the green synthesis of NiO nanoparticles using Aegle marmelos as a fuel and this method is ecofriendly and cost effective. The plant Aegle marmelos is used in the ...field of pharmaceuticals to cure diseases like chronic diarrhea, peptic ulcers and dysentery in India for nearly 5 centuries. The as-prepared nanoparticles were confirmed as pure face centered cubic phase and single crystalline in nature by XRD. The formation of agglomerated spherical nanoparticles was shown by HR-SEM and HR-TEM images. The particle size calculated from HR-SEM was in the range 8–10 nm and it matches with the average crystallite size calculated from the XRD pattern. NiO shows intense emission peaks at 363 and 412 nm in its PL spectra. The band gap of 3.5 eV is observed from DRS studies and the formation of pure NiO is confirmed by FT-IR spectra. The as-prepared NiO nanoparticles show super paramagnetic behavior, when magnetization studies are carried out. It is then evaluated for cytotoxic activity towards A549 cell culture, antibacterial activity and photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of 4‑chlorophenol (4‑CP), which is known as the endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). From the results, it is found that the cell viability of A549 cells was effectively reduced and it showed better antibacterial activity towards gram positive bacterial strains. It is also proved to be an efficient and stable photocatalyst towards the degradation of 4‑CP.
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•Effective bioactive NiO nanoparticles are prepared by a green route.•Aegle marmelos leaf extract plays a triple role as a fuel, capping and reducing agent.•NiO nanoparticles showed better efficiency towards in vitro cytotoxic activity against•A549 cell lines.•NiO is proved to be an efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of 4‑CP.•NiO showed better antibacterial activity towards Gram positive bacterial pathogens.
Nanostructured Co1-xZnxFe2O4(0≤x≤0.5) catalyst synthesized by the microwave combustion method was employed for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light. Doping of Zn2+ ...ions in the cobalt ferrite matrices were confirmed by the diffraction peak-shift towards lower angles. The Williamson-Hall method was used to calculate the crystallite size considering the strain components. The conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) edges of all the samples were calculated using optical studies. Photoluminescence analysis performed at an excitation wavelength of 330nm disclosed the rate of recombination of electron-hole pairs and the defects present. Photocatalytic degradation of RhB with pure cobalt ferrite system was performed at pH 2.0 by varying the time, initial concentration and addition of hydrogen peroxide to behave like a Fenton like process. However the effective photodegradation of all zinc doped cobalt ferrite were done at optimal RhB concentration of 6mg/l at identical operational conditions. Among all the samples Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 exhibited an enhanced degradation efficiency of 99.9% at visible light exposure time of 210min. The degradation pathway followed first order rate rather than the second order rate kinetics. Based on the values of CB and VB edges in the Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 system, possible routes for the degradation of RhB are suggested.
It is still a difficulty to develop supercapacitor electrodes at a reasonable cost. The present work reports on the preparation of hierarchical porous carbon from tea wastes for supercapacitors ...application. Herein, the study finds a fruitful route for tea waste management wherein conversion of waste to worth resources is adopted. Waste tea leaves served as a raw material for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbons by two stage, process (precarbonization and chemical activation) aiming to produce a high performance supercapacitors electrode material. The samples were chemically activated using KOH in the temperature range, 600 °C to 900 °C after precarbonization. The BET surface area of the carbon samples were between 16 m2 g−1 to 1029 m2 g−1. The pore drilling and pore winding effect led to considerable development of well-defined micro-meso porosity. In particular, the hierarchical porous carbon prepared at 800 °C (WTC8) exhibited a superior performance for supercapacitor with highest capacitance of 490 F/g and over 99.7% capacitance retentivity even after 1000 cycles at 8 A/g. The outstanding electrochemical performance shows that hierarchical porous carbon electrodes derived from used tea solid waste behaves as a promising candidate for high performance supercapacitors and also proposes the proof of concept of waste to worth.
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•Hierarchical porous carbon prepared from used tea waste by two stage process.•High specific capacitance around 509 F/g is attained.•Capacitive retentivity is 99.7% even after 1000 cycles at 8 A/g.•Highest energy density of 22.89 Whkg−1 and power density of 9.21 k Wkg−1 is achieved.•Waste to worth concept is proven.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using an extract of dried Zingiber officinale (ginger) root as a reducing and capping agent in the presence of microwave irradiation was herein ...reported for the first time. The formation of symmetrical spheres is confirmed from the UV–Visible spectrum of Ag NPs. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy confirms the formation of the Ag NPs. X-ray diffraction analysis was utilized to calculate the crystallite size of Ag NPs and the value was found to be 10nm. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphology and size of the synthesized samples. The sphere like morphology is confirmed from the images. The purity and crystallinity of Ag NPs is confirmed by energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis and selected area electron diffraction respectively. The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized Ag NPs was assessed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and shows the redox peaks in the potential range of −1.1 to +1.1V. Agar diffusion method is used to examine the antibacterial activity of Ag NPs. For this purpose, two gram positive and two gram negative bacteria were studied. This single step approach was found to be simple, short time, cost-effective, reproducible, and eco-friendly.
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•Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) is reported.•Zingiber officinale (ginger) root extract is first time used for the first time to synthesize Ag NPs.•Biosynthetic approach was found to be simple, cost-effective, reproducible, and eco-friendly.•Study of antibacterial activities is discussed.
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•Solid leather waste was used as a precursor for preparing HPCs—waste to energy storage.•The textural, structural and morphological properties show the hierarchical porous ...nature.•Porous carbon with surface area 716m2/g and pore volume 0.4030cm3/g has been produced.•HPCs based supercapacitor electrodes are fabricated with three electrode system in 1M KCl.•Specific capacitance of 1960F/g is achieved at scan rate of 1mV/s in 1M KCl.
Utilization of crust leather waste (CLW) as precursors for the preparation of hierarchical porous carbons (HPC) were investigated. HPCs were prepared from CLW by pre-carbonization followed by chemical activation using KOH at relatively high temperatures. Textural properties of HPC’s showed an extent of micro-and mesoporosity with maximum BET surface area of 716m2/g. Inducements of graphitic planes in leather waste derived carbons were observed from X-ray diffraction and HR-TEM analysis. Microstructure, thermal behavior and surface functional groups were identified using FT-Raman, thermo gravimetric analysis and FT-IR techniques. HPCs were evaluated for electrochemical properties by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) by three electrode system. CLC9 sample showed a maximum capacitance of 1960F/g in 1M KCl electrolyte. Results achieved from rectangular curves of CV, GCD symmetric curves and Nyquist plots show that the leather waste carbon is suitable to fabricate supercapacitors as it possess high specific capacitance and electrochemical cycle stability. The present study proposes an effective method for solid waste management in leather industry by the way of converting toxic leather waste to new graphitic porous carbonaceous materials as a potential candidate for energy storage devices.
PharmVar GeneFocus: CYP2D6 Nofziger, Charity; Turner, Amy J.; Sangkuhl, Katrin ...
Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics,
January 2020, Volume:
107, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The Pharmacogene Variation Consortium (PharmVar) provides nomenclature for the highly polymorphic human CYP2D6 gene locus. CYP2D6 genetic variation impacts the metabolism of numerous drugs and, thus, ...can impact drug efficacy and safety. This GeneFocus provides a comprehensive overview and summary of CYP2D6 genetic variation and describes how the information provided by PharmVar is utilized by the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) and the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC).
Co1-xMgxFe2O4 (0≤x≤0.5) spinel nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple microwave combustion method. The characterization of the samples were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, ...scanning electron (SEM) microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, UV–visible and diffuse reflectance (DRS) spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis. The XRD patterns indicate the formation of cubic inverse spinel structure. The calculated average crystallite size using Debye Scherrer's equation is found to be around 46–38nm. The morphology of spinel nanoparticles was observed from SEM images and the elemental mapping of magnesium doped cobalt ferrite was obtained by using energy dispersive X-ray technique. Optical studies were carried out for the deeper understanding of the conduction band (CB) and valence band (VB) edges of the synthesized nanoparticles. The intrinsic stretching vibrations of Fe3+-O2- in tetrahedral sites leads to the appearance of IR band at around 573cm−1. The magnetic properties such as remanence magnetization (Mr), coercivity (Hc) and saturation magnetization (Ms) were calculated from the hysteresis curves. The maximum photocatalytic degradation efficiency for Co0.6Mg0.4Fe2O4 is around (99.5%) when compared to that of CoFe2O4 whose efficiency is around (73.0%). The improvement in photocatalytic degradation efficiency is due to the effective separation and prevention of electron-hole pair recombination. The R2 values for the first order rate kinetics are found to be better than R2 values for the second order rate kinetics and this proves that photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye follows first order kinetics. The probable mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of RhB dye is proposed.
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•Rietveld analysis confirmed good substitution of Mg2+ ion in CoFe2O4 system.•Lattice parameters obeyed Vegard's law.•Valence and conduction band edges were calculated using DRS technique.•All possible mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B is proposed.
This research work aims to explore the potential usage of post-consumer waste expanded polystyrene (EPS) for the fabrication of self-standing electrodes by incorporating reduced graphene oxide (rGO) ...into it
via
a facile cost-effective mechanical mixing process. The π-π interaction between the expanded polystyrene and rGO is evidenced from FT-IR and Raman analysis. The elevated thermal stability of the EPS/rGO composite from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) further confirms the interconnection between the rGO and EPS. This π-π stacking interaction between the rGO and the polystyrene molecules present in the polymer matrix enable the composite material to be interconnected throughout which is beneficial for the charge transport process. The symmetric coin cell supercapacitor fabricated using the EPS/rGO composite electrode can be operated with a high operating voltage of 1.6 V in aqueous KOH and Na
2
SO
4
electrolytes. The devices fabricated with KOH and Na
2
SO
4
electrolytes deliver an areal capacitance of 11.9 mF cm
−2
and 10 mF cm
−2
at the discharge current density of 0.1 mA cm
−2
. Further, the devices fabricated with the KOH and Na
2
SO
4
electrolytes demonstrated remarkable rate capability of 87.1% and 99.5% after 10 000 continuous charge discharge cycles. This facile method of preparation without consuming energy or polluting the environment is a novel approach which can be scaled-up to large-scale fabrication of self-standing plastic electrodes for low-cost energy storage applications.
Free-standing electrodes prepared from waste expanded polystyrene by incorporating rGO into it for supercapacitor applications.
ZnFe
2
O
4
nanocatalysts synthesized by microwave combustion method is employed for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). The zinc ferrite samples are prepared by varying the microwave ...power from 500 to 1500 W. The nanocatalysts are characterized by XRD, FTIR, DRS, HR-SEM and VSM techniques. Transesterification of WCO are investigated and maximum biodiesel yield of 98.6% is achieved with 4 wt% of ZnFe
2
O
4
nanocatalyst (ZF-1500 sample), methanol/oil molar ratio of 21:1, reaction temperature about 60 °C and reaction time 1 h. The nanocatalyst (ZnFe
2
O
4
) was reused at least for 10 times. The activation energy (
E
a
) and frequency factor (
A
) is calculated to be 59.4 kJ mol
−1
and 1.66 × 10
8
min
−1
respectively. The thermodynamic parameters ∆H and ∆S were found to be 88.76 kJ mol
−1
and − 0.096 kJ mol
−1
K
−1
. The positive values of ∆G for transesterification process is found to be non-spontaneous and endergonic.
Graphic Abstract
Green protocols for the synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera plant extract has been reported in the present study as they are cost effective and ecofriendly, moreover this ...paper records that the nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles prepared from green method shows better cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity. The NiO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The formation of a pure nickel oxide phase was confirmed by XRD and FTIR. The synthesized NiO nanoparticles was single crystalline having face centered cubic phase and has two intense photoluminescence emissions at 305.46nm and 410nm. The formation of nano- and micro-structures was confirmed by HRTEM. The in-vitro cytotoxicity and cell viability of human cancer cell HT-29 (Colon Carcinoma cell lines) and antibacterial studies against various bacterial strains were studied with various concentrations of nickel oxide nanoparticles prepared from Moringa oleifera plant extract. MTT assay measurements on cell viability and morphological studies proved that the synthesized NiO nanoparticles posses cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells and the various zones of inhibition (mm), obtained revealed the effective antibacterial activity of NiO nanoparticles against various Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial pathogens.
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•The in-vitro cytotoxicity and cell viability of human cancer cell HT-29•Antimicrobial NPs have proven their effectiveness against infectious diseases.•Colon Carcinoma cell lines & antibacterial studies against various bacterial strains.•No DNA fragmentation was observed on the controlled cells.•NiO nanoparticles induced apoptosis in human lung epithelial cells.
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