We report on the formation of the dilute \(Pd_{1-x}Fe_x\) compositions with tunable magnetic properties under an ion-beam implantation of epitaxial Pd thin films. Binary \(Pd_{1-x}Fe_x\) alloys with ...a mean iron content \(x\) of \(0.025\), \(0.035\) or \(0.075\) were obtained by the implantation of \(40 keV\) \(Fe^+\) ions into the palladium films on MgO (001) substrate to the doses of \(0.5\cdot10^{16}, 1.0\cdot10^{16}\) and \(3.0\cdot10^{16}\) \(ions/cm^2\), respectively. Structural and magnetic studies have shown that iron atoms occupy regular fcc-lattice Pd-sites without the formation of any secondary crystallographic phase. All the iron implanted Pd films reveal ferromagnetism at low temperatures (below \(200 K\)) with both the Curie temperature and saturation magnetization determined by the implanted iron dose. In contrast to the magnetic properties of the molecular beam epitaxy grown \(Pd_{1-x}Fe_x\) alloy films with the similar iron contents, the Fe-implanted Pd films possess weaker in-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy, and, accordingly, a lower coercivity. The observed multiple ferromagnetic resonances in the implanted \(Pd_{1-x}Fe_x\) films indicate a formation of a magnetically inhomogeneous state due to spinodal decomposition into regions, presumably layers, with identical crystal symmetry but different iron contents. The multiphase magnetic structure is robust with respect to the vacuum annealing at \(770 K\), though develops towards well-defined local \(Pd-Fe\) compositions.
Magnetic anisotropies of Co-implanted ZnO (0001) films grown on single-crystalline Al2O3 (11-20) substrates have been studied by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique for different cobalt ...implantation doses. The FMR data show that the easy and hard axes have a periodicity of 60 degrees in the film plane, in agreement with the hexagonal structure of the ZnO films. This six-fold in-plane magnetic anisotropy, which is observed for the first time in ZnO-based diluted magnetic semiconductors, is attributed to the substitution of cobalt on Zn sites in the ZnO structure, and a clear indication for long range ferromagnetic ordering between substitutional cobalt ions in the single-crystalline ZnO films.
We report on the structural and magnetic properties of a cobalt-implanted ZnO film grown on a sapphire substrate. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal the presence of a ...(10-10)-oriented hexagonal Co phase in the Al2O3 sapphire substrate, but not in the ZnO film. Co clusters, with a diameter of is about 5-6 nm, form a Co rich layer in the substrate close to the ZnO/Al2O3 interface. Magnetization measurements indicate that there exist two different magnetic phases in the implanted region. One originates from the Co clusters in Al2O3, the other one belongs to a homogeneous ferromagnetic phase with a ferromagnetic Curie temperature far above room temperature and can be attributed to Co substitution on Zn sites in the ZnO layer. We have observed magnetic dichroism at the Co L2,3 and O K edges at room temperature as well as the multiplet structure in x-ray absorption spectra around the Co L3 edge, supporting the intrinsic nature of the observed ferromagnetism in Co-implanted ZnO film. The magnetic moment per substituted cobalt is found about 2.81 Bohr magneton which is very close to the theoretical expected value of 3 Bohr magneton per Co atom for Co 2+ in its high spin state.
We report on structural, magnetic and electronic properties of Co-implanted TiO2 rutile single crystals for different implantation doses. Strong ferromagnetism at room temperature and above is ...observed in TiO2 rutile plates after cobalt ion implantation, with magnetic parameters depending on the cobalt implantation dose. While the structural data indicate the presence of metallic cobalt clusters, the multiplet structure of the Co L3 edge in the XAS spectra gives clear evidence for a substitutional Co 2+ state. The detailed analysis of the structural and magnetic properties indicates that there are two magnetic phases in Co-implanted TiO2 plates. One is a ferromagnetic phase due to the formation of long range ferromagnetic ordering between implanted magnetic cobalt ions in the rutile phase, and the second one is a superparamagnetic phase originates from the formation of metallic cobalt clusters in the implanted region. Using x-ray resonant magnetic scattering, the element specific magnetization of cobalt, oxygen and titanium in Co-implanted TiO2 single crystals are investigated. Magnetic dichroism was observed at the Co L edges as well as at the O K edge. The interaction mechanism, which leads to ferromagnetic ordering of substituted cobalt ions in the host matrix, is also discussed.
