Tuberculosis is one of the most contagious and lethal illnesses in the world, according to the World Health Organization. Tuberculosis had the leading mortality rate as a result of a single ...infection, ranking above HIV/AIDS. Early detection is an essential factor in patient treatment and can improve the survival rate. Detection methods should have high mobility, high accuracy, fast detection, and low losses. This work presents a novel biomedical photonic crystal fiber sensor, which can accurately detect and distinguish between the different types of tuberculosis bacteria. The designed sensor detects these types with high relative sensitivity and negligible losses compared to other photonic crystal fiber-based biomedical sensors. The proposed sensor exhibits a relative sensitivity of 90.6%, an effective area of 4.342×10
−8
m
2
, with a negligible confinement loss of 3.13×10
−9
cm
−1
, a remarkably low effective material loss of 0.0132cm
−1
, and a numerical aperture of 0.3462. The proposed sensor is capable of operating in the terahertz regimes over a wide range (1 THz–2.4THz). An abbreviated review of non-optical detection techniques is also presented. An in-depth comparison between this work and recent related photonic crystal fiber-based literature is drawn to validate the efficacy and authenticity of the proposed design.
This review summarizes recent advances in sensors based on photonic crystal technologies for biomedical sensing applications. Photonic crystal sensing offers enormous promise due to their clear ...benefits in sensitivity, stability, compactness, portability. This work discusses several photonic crystal structures, such as photonic crystal waveguides, cavities, and photonic crystal fiber for biomedical sensing applications. The uniqueness, measurement technique, and biosensing properties of each type of these structures are discussed. Furthermore, manufacturing and functionally relevant properties that include design simplicity, compactness, and multi-wavelength operation are also reviewed. They are explored, organized, and compared using the most recent related literature in this field. Finally, a brief of novel trends has been introduced.
Brain tumors, abnormalities, and malignancies are considered fatal. Early detection techniques could save lives if they are utilized effectively for brain cancers. They should have remarkable ...mobility, high accuracy, high response speed, and low losses. The presented study shows what is believed to be a step toward achieving these objectives. A novel biomedical photonic crystal fiber sensor that can accurately detect and discriminate between different brain cells is proposed. The anomalous brain cells include injuries, tumors, and malignant cells. The proposed sensor can detect these various types with high relative sensitivity and negligible losses in comparison to other photonic crystal fiber-based biomedical sensors. The presented sensor exhibits a relative sensitivity of 97.5%, an effective area of 4.17 × 10
−8
m
2
, a negligible confinement loss of 1.76 × 10
−11
cm
−1
, a remarkably low effective material loss of 0.005942 cm
−1
, and a numerical aperture of 0.3524. The presented sensor is eligible to work in the terahertz regimes with a wide range of 1–3 THz. Also, a detailed comparison between the presented sensor and associated photonic crystal fiber literature is carried out to authenticate the effectiveness and veracity of the presented structure.
Successive episodes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represent a unique natural rechallenge experiment to define correlates of long-term protective immunity and inform vaccine development. We ...applied a systems immunology approach to characterize longitudinal changes in the peripheral blood transcriptomic signatures in eight subjects who spontaneously resolved two successive HCV infections. Furthermore, we compared these signatures with those induced by an HCV T cell-based vaccine regimen. We identified a plasma cell transcriptomic signature during early acute HCV reinfection. This signature was absent in primary infection and following HCV vaccine boost. Spontaneous resolution of HCV reinfection was associated with rapid expansion of glycoprotein E2-specifc memory B cells in three subjects and transient increase in E2-specific neutralizing antibodies in six subjects. Concurrently, there was an increase in the breadth and magnitude of HCV-specific T cells in 7 out of 8 subjects. These results suggest a cooperative role for both antibodies and T cells in clearance of HCV reinfection and support the development of next generation HCV vaccines targeting these two arms of the immune system.
This study introduces an innovative approach to enhance the energy efficiency and position control performance of electro-hydraulic systems, employing a comprehensive comparative analysis. It ...presents and evaluates three control techniques: Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control, Model Predictive Control (MPC), and Neural Network Model Predictive Control (NN-MPC). These methods are systematically assessed across varying load conditions. Notably, our research unequivocally establishes the exceptional performance of the NN-MPC approach, even when confronted with load variations. Furthermore, the study conducts an exhaustive examination of energy consumption by comparing a conventional system, where a flow control valve is not utilized as a hydraulic cylinder bypass, with a proposed system that employs a fully open Flow Control Valve (FCV). The results underscore the remarkable energy savings achieved, reaching up to 9% at high load levels.
Types of brain lesions, tumors, and cancers are still considered deadly. They require accurate and expensive detecting, diagnosing, and treatment methods. This work presents a biomedical ...photonic-based sensor that can detect and distinguish accurately between normal and abnormal brain tissues. The abnormal ones consist of lesions, tumors, and cancerous tissues. The designed sensor detects these types with acceptable sensitivity and high-quality factor compared to other photonic-based detecting techniques. The proposed sensor achieves a sensitivity of 1332 nm/RIU, a very low detection limit of 9.08 × 10-6, and an ultra-high quality factor of 16254. Ultra-compactness and the ability to fabricate with today's technology are novel features in the proposed design. An abbreviated review of non-optical detection techniques is presented. An in-depth comparison between this work and related photonic-based recent literature is drawn to validate the efficacy and authenticity of the proposed design.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can control virus replication and prolong the life of people living with HIV (PLWH). However, the virus remains dormant within ...immune cells in what is called the HIV reservoir. Furthermore, 2.3 million PLWH are also coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and are at risk of developing chronic liver disease and cancer. HCV treatment with direct acting antivirals (DAA) can completely cure the infection in more than 95% of treated individuals and improve their long-term health outcomes. In this study, we investigated how HCV treatment and cure affect the HIV reservoir. We demonstrate the beneficial impact of DAA treatment as it reduces the HIV reservoirs in particular in people infected with HCV before HIV. These results support the need for early ART and DAA treatment in HIV/HCV coinfections.
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection resolves spontaneously in ∼25% of acutely infected humans where viral clearance is mediated primarily by virus-specific CD8+ T cells. Previous ...cross-sectional analysis of the CD8+ TCR repertoire targeting two immunodominant HCV epitopes reported widespread use of public TCRs shared by different subjects, irrespective of infection outcome. However, little is known about the evolution of the public TCR repertoire during acute HCV and whether cross-reactivity to other Ags can influence infectious outcome. In this article, we analyzed the CD8+ TCR repertoire specific to the immunodominant and cross-reactive HLA-A2–restricted nonstructural 3-1073 epitope during acute HCV in humans progressing to either spontaneous resolution or chronic infection and at ∼1 y after viral clearance. TCR repertoire diversity was comparable among all groups with preferential usage of the TCR-β V04 and V06 gene families. We identified a set of 13 public clonotypes in HCV-infected humans independent of infection outcome. Six public clonotypes used the V04 gene family. Several public clonotypes were long-lived in resolvers and expanded on reinfection. By mining publicly available data, we identified several low-frequency CDR3 sequences in the HCV-specific repertoire matching human TCRs specific for other HLA-A2–restricted epitopes from melanoma, CMV, influenza A, EBV, and yellow fever viruses, but they were of low frequency and limited cross-reactivity. In conclusion, we identified 13 new public human CD8+ TCR clonotypes unique to HCV that expanded during acute infection and reinfection. The low frequency of cross-reactive TCRs suggests that they are not major determinants of infectious outcome.
•Tuberculosis is one of the most contagious and lethal illnesses in the world, according to the World Health Organization.•This work presents a biomedical photonic-based sensor that can detect and ...distinguish accurately between normal and different types of tuberculosis.•The proposed sensor identifies tuberculosis different types with adequate sensitivity and ultra-high-quality factor.•Photonic crystal on-chip are preferable to alternative optical channels because of their durability, compact size, high tensile strength, and inexpensive cost.•The presented sensor exhibited a remarkable sensitivity of 1738.7 nm/RIU, an ultra-high quality factor of 10731, and an extremely small detection limit of 5.87 × 10-6.
Tuberculosis (TB) stands as one of the most severe and fatal communicable diseases in the universe, in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO). Before the COVID-19 pandemic, tuberculosis held the highest mortality rate due to an individual infection, surpassing even HIV/AIDS. The identification of the disease at its initial stages plays a crucial role in patient management and has the potential to enhance the chances of survival. This study presents a unique biomedical sensor based on a two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal, which demonstrates high accuracy in diagnosing and distinguishing between regular and irregular strains of tuberculosis bacteria. The proposed sensor is designed, presented, and evaluated. It can identify different types of tuberculosis with ultra-high-quality factor and adequate sensitivity in comparison with related photonic detection methods. Also, the presented sensor features a simplistic design with a fabrication possibility using current technologies. The presented sensor exhibited an ultra-quality factor of 10731, an extremely small detection limit of 5.87 × 10-6, and a remarkable sensitivity of 1738.7 nm/RIU. A comprehensive overview of non-optical sensing methods is addressed and linked to the current work. A detailed comparative exploration of this study and associated photonic-based literatures are carried out to verify the efficiency and originality of the proposed sensor.
In this study, a state-of-the-art methodology for controlling an electro-hydraulic system is proposed. The aim is to achieve superior position tracking performance comparable to that of an ...electro-hydraulic servo valve system. To achieve this, a suite of linear and nonlinear control techniques—including PID, LQR, sliding mode, model predictive control (MPC), and neural network MPC controllers—are designed and tested based on system dynamics approximation. The controllers are optimized to effectively address the challenges posed by various loads, uncertainties, nonlinearities, internal leakage, chattering, and overshooting in the electro-hydraulic system. The proposed approach is both practical and effective, as demonstrated by simulation and experimental results. Comparative analysis reveals that the neural network MPC controller exhibits exceptional tracking performance and stability, with a smooth response and quick settling time.
