The origin and nature of extreme energy cosmic rays (EECRs), which have energies above the
5
⋅
10
19
eV
—the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) energy limit, is one of the most interesting and complicated ...problems in modern cosmic-ray physics. Existing ground-based detectors have helped to obtain remarkable results in studying cosmic rays before and after the GZK limit, but have also produced some contradictions in our understanding of cosmic ray mass composition. Moreover, each of these detectors covers only a part of the celestial sphere, which poses problems for studying the arrival directions of EECRs and identifying their sources. As a new generation of EECR space detectors, TUS (Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up), KLYPVE and JEM-EUSO, are intended to study the most energetic cosmic-ray particles, providing larger, uniform exposures of the entire celestial sphere. The TUS detector, launched on board the Lomonosov satellite on April 28, 2016 from Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia, is the first of these. It employs a single-mirror optical system and a photomultiplier tube matrix as a photo-detector and will test the fluorescent method of measuring EECRs from space. Utilizing the Earth’s atmosphere as a huge calorimeter, it is expected to detect EECRs with energies above
10
20
eV
.
It will also be able to register slower atmospheric transient events: atmospheric fluorescence in electrical discharges of various types including precipitating electrons escaping the magnetosphere and from the radiation of meteors passing through the atmosphere. We describe the design of the TUS detector and present results of different ground-based tests and simulations.
Usually a thunderstorm region with lightning activity is necessary for the formation of known types of upper atmospheric transient luminous events (TLEs: sprites, emission of light and very low ...frequency perturbation, blue jets, etc.) with well-recognizable visible emissions. However, some "far-from-thunderstorm" transient events have been detected in some experiments. Measurements of transient atmospheric events (TAEs) were made on board the Vernov satellite by the sensitive UV and IR detector. Remote observation from the satellite's orbit provided measurements all over the globe and allowed us to study events associated with thunderstorms (lightning, TLEs) and unusual UV flashes (UV TAEs) far from thunderstorm regions. More than 8500 UV TAEs were measured by the Vernov satellite over the globe. Forty seven far-from-thunderstorm TAEs were selected having no lightning discharges during 1 h in a radius of 1000 km around the location of the event according to the Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) and Vaisala Global Lightning Data Set (GLD360) data. Special attention was given to six events with complicated temporal structure and low luminosity in the IR channel. Their properties and atmospheric conditions were studied in detail. The analysis of cloud cover in addition to the lightning location networks data demonstrated the low probability of any lightning in the region of measurements.
.
The results on the differential cross section of
dp
elastic scattering obtained at the Internal Target Station at the Nuclotron JINR at the energies of 500, 750 and 900MeV/nucleon are presented. ...The measurements have been performed using an unpolarized deuteron beam and polyethylene foil target. The data have been obtained in the angular range of
70
∘
-
120
∘
in the cms. The angular dependences of the data from the present experiment are compared with the world experimental data obtained at nearby energies as well as with the theoretical calculations performed within the relativistic multiple scattering theory. The behavior of the differential cross section at the fixed scattering angles covering the total cms energy region of
s
=
3
.
1
-
3
.
42
GeV is in qualitative agreement with the
s
power-law dependence.
The deuteron beam vector polarization is obtained at the Nuclotron Internal Target Station using quasielastic proton–proton scattering on the polyethylene target. The selection of useful events is ...performed using the time and amplitude information from scintillation counters. The asymmetry on the hydrogen is obtained by the subtraction of the carbon background. The values of vector polarization are obtained at the beam energies of 500 and 650 MeV/nucleon. The obtained values are compared with the data obtained in the deuteron–proton elastic scattering at the beam energy of 135 MeV/nucleon.
The Beam Beam Counter is a system for local polarimetry and local luminosity monitoring at the Spin Physics Detector at NICA. The main option of the Beam Beam Counter is the scintillation counters ...with SiPM readout. The work presents the first results on scintillation detector prototype using developed Front-end electronics based on the Time-over-Threshold technique. The procedure of the time-walk correction is discussed.
The paper presents the performance studies of the scintillation detector prototype with SiPM readout using different types of the front-end electronics. The timing and position resolutions with LED ...have been obtained. These results can be applied for the proton and deuteron beams polarimetry at the Internal Target Station at Nuclotron.
The values of the analyzing power in quasi-elastic proton-proton (
pp
) scattering are obtained at the Nuclotron Internal Target Station using a polarized deuteron beam at an energy of 500 ...MeV/nucleon and the polyethylene target. The selection of useful events has been performed using the time and amplitude information from scintillation counters. Asymmetry by protons has been obtained by the subtraction of the carbon background from the data accumulated on polyethylene. The analyzing power values are compared with predictions of SAID partial-wave analysis and the data of other experiments.
The results of measurements of the differential cross section for elastic deuteron–proton scattering at the energy of 700 MeV per nucleon that were performed at the internal target station of the ...nuclotron at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR, Dubna) are presented. These data were obtained at angles in the range between 70◦ and 120◦ in the c.m. frame. The angular dependence obtained in this way is compared with world-averaged data at similar energies and with the results of theoretical calculations performed within the relativistic theory of multiple scattering.
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