The role of mechanical action on the washing process was studied. The experimental apparatus was designed to simulate each mechanical action such as the hydrodynamic flow action, the fabric flexing ...action, the abrasion action during washing process. The influence of mechanical action strongly depends on the property and attached state of each soil. The abrasion action was found as the most effective mechanical action for soil removal.
The influence of substrate on the gas sensing performance was studied, focusing on the functional groups of the cellulose substrate. For the study, three different gas sensors were fabricated by ...spray of Oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes (Oxy-SWCNTs) on three types of substrates, i.e., silicon wafer, mechanically fibrillated cellulose nanofiber (MFCN), and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber (TOCN). The morphologies and chemical structures of the cellulose nanofiber (CNF) substrates were analyzed using electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface roughness and the functional group of cellulose substrates gave significant influenced on the sensing performance. The oxygen-containing functional groups of CNFs provided an additional p-doping on the Oxy-SWCNTs, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. Especially, TOCN withdrew electrons from the Oxy-SWCNTs owing to the high electron-withdrawing strength of the carboxylate groups. Meanwhile, MFCN had less chance to withdraw electrons because of the weak electron-withdrawing strength of the hydroxy group. As a result, the sensing performances of TOCN-based sensor showed excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and limit of detection toward electron-withdrawing gas, NO
2
. Based on the experimental study, a sensing mechanism of CNF-based sensor was proposed in terms of electron transfer pathways.
Environment-friendly and robust nanocellulose/metal–organic framework aerogel composites were prepared for effective detoxification of chemical warfare agent simulants both in static and dynamic ...continuous flow systems. For this, we fabricated a durable porous composite of the UiO-66 catalyst and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCN) to examine as a detoxification filter. Even with over 50 wt % UiO-66, the obtained cellulose aerogel composites exhibited high stability without leaking of UiO-66 for 4 weeks under an aqueous state. The cellulose aerogel composite with 54 wt % UiO-66 showed a quite high surface area (483 m2 g–1) despite the presence of TOCN, which caused fast degradation of methyl paraoxon (MPO), a nerve agent simulant, with a 0.7 min half-life in an aqueous solution with N-ethylmorpholine buffer. This aerogel composite was then examined as the detoxification filter in the continuous flow system under a 7.2 mL h–1 flow rate, which surprisingly decomposed 53.7 g of MPO within 1 h with 1 m2 of the effective area.
In this work, water-insoluble and biocompatible hydrogel nanoweb was prepared via electrospinning. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa), the cellulose derivative with water solubility and ...biocompatibility, was electrospun with help of building polymer, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). After removal of PEO, the CMCNa in the nanoweb was ionically crosslinked by FeCl
3
. The viscosity of the mixed solution was decreased with the increase of PEO content mainly due to the smaller molecular size of PEO comparing to CMCNa. The reduced interaction resulted from small molecular size decreased the viscosity with the increase of PEO content. The PEO also improved the spinnability of the solution by screening repulsive force between the CMCNa molecules. As a result, the increase of PEO content resulted in the decreases of the viscosity and the fiber diameter simultaneously. After extraction of PEO, the diameter was significantly reduced. The surface of the nanowebs became bumpy after crosslinking and fiber diameter increased with the increase of crosslinking time. The chemical structure changes of the nanowebs during the process were analyzed by FT-IR spectra. The cytotoxicity of the nanoweb was also assessed using MTT assay. Furthermore, the drug release behaviors of the nanowebs were evaluated using UV–Vis spectrometer. The nanoweb with increased fiber diameter showed more sustained release behavior because of its low specific surface area.
•Highly ordered cellulose II crystalline was produced by cellulose hydrolysis in BmimCl.•The effect of molecular mobility on crystallization was investigated.•The molecular mobility of cellulose was ...greatly improved as molar mass decreased.•Freely isolated cellulose chain resulted in recrystallization to well-defined cellulose II crystalline.
This research focused on the preparation of highly ordered cellulose II crystalline by cellulose hydrolysis in ionic liquid, and the influence of molecular mobility on recrystallization of cellulose. The molar mass of cellulose was controlled by hydrolysis using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl). The molecular mobility of cellulose dissolved in BmimCl was characterized by rheological properties. After characterization of cellulose solution and regeneration, change of molar mass and conversion to crystalline were monitored using gel-permeation chromatography and powder X-ray diffraction, respectively. The molar mass of the cellulose in BmimCl was remarkably decreased with an increase in duration time, resulting in better mobility and a lower conformational constraint below critical molar mass. The decrease in molar mass surprisingly increased the crystallinity up to ∼85%, suggesting a recrystallization rate dependence of the mobility. The correlation between the mobility and recrystallization rate represented quit different behavior above and below a critical molar mass, which strongly demonstrated to the effect of mobility on the conversion of amorphous state to crystalline structure.
The baroreceptor reflex is a powerful neural feedback that regulates arterial pressure (AP). Mechanosensitive channels transduce pulsatile AP to electrical signals in baroreceptors. Here we show that ...tentonin 3 (TTN3/TMEM150C), a cation channel activated by mechanical strokes, is essential for detecting AP changes in the aortic arch. TTN3 was expressed in nerve terminals in the aortic arch and nodose ganglion (NG) neurons. Genetic ablation of Ttn3 induced ambient hypertension, tachycardia, AP fluctuations, and impaired baroreflex sensitivity. Chemogenetic silencing or activation of Ttn3+ neurons in the NG resulted in an increase in AP and heart rate, or vice versa. More important, overexpression of Ttn3 in the NG of Ttn3-/- mice reversed the cardiovascular changes observed in Ttn3-/- mice. We conclude that TTN3 is a molecular component contributing to the sensing of dynamic AP changes in baroreceptors.
Sensing smells of foods, prey, or predators determines animal survival. Olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium (OE) detect odorants, where cAMP and Ca2+ play a significant role in ...transducing odorant inputs to electrical activity. Here we show Anoctamin 9, a cation channel activated by cAMP/PKA pathway, is expressed in the OE and amplifies olfactory signals. Ano9-deficient mice had reduced olfactory behavioral sensitivity, electro-olfactogram signals, and neural activity in the olfactory bulb. In line with the difference in olfaction between birds and other vertebrates, chick ANO9 failed to respond to odorants, whereas chick CNGA2, a major transduction channel, showed greater responses to cAMP. Thus, we concluded that the signal amplification by ANO9 is important for mammalian olfactory transduction.
Display omitted
•ANO9 expressed in the olfactory epithelium augments the odorant-induced olfactory signals via the cAMP/PKA pathway.•The amplifying action of ANO9 contributes to olfactory function because Ano9-deficient mice showed impairment of olfaction.•These results now suggest that ANO9 actively participates in the olfactory signaling in the OE.
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are primary progenitor cells in the early developmental stage in the brain that initiate a diverse lineage of differentiated neurons and glia. Radial glial cells (RGCs), a ...type of neural stem cell in the ventricular zone, are essential for nurturing and delivering new immature neurons to the appropriate cortical target layers. Here we report that Anoctamin 1 (ANO1)/TMEM16A, a Ca2+-activated chloride channel, mediates the Ca2+-dependent process extension of RGCs. ANO1 is highly expressed and functionally active in RGCs of the mouse embryonic ventricular zone. Knockdown of ANO1 suppresses RGC process extension and protrusions, whereas ANO1 overexpression stimulates process extension. Among various trophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activates ANO1, which is required for BDNF-induced process extension in RGCs. More importantly, Ano1-deficient mice exhibited disrupted cortical layers and reduced cortical thickness. We thus conclude that the regulation of RGC process extension by ANO1 contributes to the normal formation of mouse embryonic brain.
Touch sensation or proprioception requires the transduction of mechanical stimuli into electrical signals by mechanoreceptors in the periphery. These mechanoreceptors are equipped with various ...transducer channels. Although Piezo1 and 2 are mechanically activated (MA) channels with rapid inactivation, MA molecules with other inactivation kinetics have not been identified. Here we report that heterologously expressed Tentonin3 (TTN3)/TMEM150C is activated by mechanical stimuli with distinctly slow inactivation kinetics. Genetic ablation of Ttn3/Tmem150c markedly reduced slowly adapting neurons in dorsal-root ganglion neurons. The MA TTN3 currents were inhibited by known blockers of mechanosensitive ion channels. Moreover, TTN3 was localized in muscle spindle afferents. Ttn3-deficient mice exhibited the loss of coordinated movements and abnormal gait. Thus, TTN3 appears to be a component of a mechanosensitive channel with a slow inactivation rate and contributes to motor coordination. Identification of this gene advances our understanding of the various types of mechanosensations, including proprioception.
•Tentonin 3 (TTN3) is activated by mechanical stimuli with slow inactivation kinetics•Ablation of TTN3 reduces slow-adapting mechanosensitive currents in DRG neurons•TTN3 currents are blocked by well-known blockers of mechanosensitive channels•TTN3 is localized in muscle spindles and contributes to proprioception
Mechanosensation is a fundamental function required for the survival of vertebrates. Mechanosensation is mediated by mechanotransduction channels. Hong et al. found that Tentonin 3 (TMEM150C) is a new class of mechanotransduction channel. Surprisingly, TTN3 is expressed in muscle spindle afferents. Because genetic ablation of TTN3 reduces motor coordination, TTN3 appears to contribute to proprioception. Thus, cloning of TTN3 leads to understanding of various other mechanotransduction mechanisms
PDF
