The goal of this study was to determine the CT findings and clinical consequences of contrast enhancement and contrast extravasation on CT scans obtained after intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy for ...treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Sixty-two patients were treated with intra-arterial thrombolysis. All patients underwent nonenhanced CT scans immediately and 24 hours after thrombolytic therapy. Contrast enhancement was defined as a hyperdense lesion that disappeared on a 24-hour follow-up CT scan. Contrast extravasation was defined as a hyperdense lesion with maximum Hounsfield unit >90 that persisted on a follow-up CT scan. We evaluated the differences in the clinical and radiological data between 3 groups: contrast enhancement, contrast extravasation, and control groups.
Contrast enhancement was found in 14 of 62 patients (22.6%); contrast extravasation was seen in 7 (11.3%). Compared with the control group, the contrast enhancement group had a lower recanalization grade (64.3% versus 34.1%, P=0.048) and a lower incidence of hemorrhagic transformation (14.3% versus 43.9%, P=0.047). The contrast extravasation group had a higher incidence of both hemorrhage (100% versus 43.9%, P=0.006) and symptomatic hemorrhage (100% versus 14.6%, P<0.001) than the control group. Poor outcomes were more frequent in the contrast extravasation group (100% versus 38.9%, P=0.003) than the control group.
Contrast enhancement on CT scans obtained after intra-arterial thrombolysis is usually not associated with hemorrhagic complications. However, contrast extravasation is highly associated with parenchymatous hematoma and should be considered a negative prognostic sign.
Bone destruction and inflammation are closely linked. Cytokines play an important role in inflammatory bone destruction by upregulating the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand ...(RANKL). The direct role of cytokines that act in a non-RANKL-dependent manner has yet to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct osteoclastogenic properties of inflammatory cytokines at different time-points of osteoclastogenesis. Mouse bone marrow macrophages were stimulated with the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and various concentrations of RANKL. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-17 and IL-23, were added to the culture system of osteoclastogenesis. Two time-points of cytokine treatment were set. The 'early' effect of each cytokine was investigated at the time of first RANKL treatment, whereas the 'late' effect was investigated 48 h after the first RANKL challenge. Osteoclast differentiation and function were assessed using an osteoclast marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and by visualization of pit formation. A permissive level of RANKL was required for cytokine-associated osteoclastogenesis in all experiments. In the M-CSF/RANKL monocellular culture system, IL-1β enhanced and IL-6 decreased osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner, regardless of temporal differences. Other cytokines showed various responses according to the phase of osteoclast maturation and the concentration of each cytokine and RANKL. Furthermore, luciferase assays showed that both IL-1β and RANKL activated the NF-κB signaling pathway. Collectively, our data revealed that targeting IL-1β may be a promising strategy to inhibit inflammation-associated bone destruction and osteoporosis.
The Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a coprecipitation method, and their particles were capsulated by 3-thiopheneacetic acid (3TA), 2, 3-meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and Polyethylene ...glycol (PEG), respectively. The 3TA-, PEG-, and DMSA-coated Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles are well dispersed in aqueous solution. The average particle sizes of the Fe 3 O 4 and the 3TA-, PEG-, and DMSA-coated magnetite nanoparticles were exhibited approximately 10.4, 12, 11, and 12 nm by TEM results. The mean blocking temperatures of the uncoated Fe 3 O 4 and the 3TA, PEG, DMSA surface-coated Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles exhibited about 245±10 K, 220±10 K, 142±12 K, and 200±10 K, respectively. The values of g factor of the uncoated Fe 3 O 4 and the 3TA-, PEG-, and DMSA-coated Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles were obtained 2.22, 2.21, 2.22, and 2.19, respectively.
The present study investigated the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in the migratory phenotype of human U2OS osteosarcoma (OS) cells in a collagen matrix. The activation ...of ERK was inhibited by PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK kinase. Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the adhesion and proliferation of the cells with or without PD98059 treatment in collagen-coated dishes. The migratory capacity of the U2OS cells was then examined in non-coated and collagen-coated dishes, and the results depicted that collagen I enhanced the migration of the U2OS cells, the effect of which was significantly blocked by the treatment of the cells with PD98059. Furthermore, enhanced gene and protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), but not MMP2, was observed to be involved in the enhanced migratory phenotype of the U20S cells in the collagen-coated plates. This effect was partially abolished by the treatment of the cells in the collagen-coated dishes with ERK inhibitor. Collectively, the data demonstrate that ERK signaling is important for the migration of U2OS cells through the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is comprised mostly of collagen, by enhancing MMP9 production. These results may contribute to the regulation of MMP9 production in metastatic OS.
This letter describes the synthesis of CaAl
12O
19 powders using micro reactors made of Igepal CO520/water/cyclohexane microemulsions. Characterization of the powder was done by DTA-TGA, X-ray ...diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The XRD results show that the hexagonal CaAl
12O
19 powders have been obtained at 1200
°C for 2
h. The SEM examination shows that the hexagonal CaAl
12O
19 has plate-like grain morphology with most of the grain took the form of hexagonal platelets with-developed faces. The FTIR spectra show the lower frequency bands are assigned to AlO
6 octohedra and AlO
4 tetrahedra in CaAl
12O
19.
Resveratrol (3,4',5 tri-hydroxystilbene), a natural plant polyphenol, has gained interest as a non-toxic chemopreventive agent capable of inducing tumor cell death in a variety of cancer types. ...Several studies were undertaken to obtain synthetic analogues of resveratrol with potent anticancer activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HS-1793 as a new resveratrol analog on apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway in murine breast cancer cells. A pharmacological dose (1.3-20 µM) of HS-1793 exerted a cytotoxic effect on murine breast cancer cells resulting in apoptosis. HS-1793-mediated cytotoxicity in FM3A cells by several apoptotic events including mitochondrial cytochrome c release, activation of caspase-3 and PARP occurred. In addition, HS-1793 induced collapse of ∆Ψm and enhanced AIF and Endo G release from mitochondria while undergoing apoptosis. These results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity by HS-1793 in FM3A cells can mainly be attributed to apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway by caspase activation or contributions of AIF and Endo G.
Upon varying the thickness of liquid crystal (LC) cells and alternating their surface chemical and physical environments, phase transition behaviors of the rod-disc molecule (RD12, where 12 is the ...number of carbon atoms in each alkyl chain linkage between the rod and the disc mesogens) were dramatically changed. From the cross-polarized optical microscopic observations and analyses, it was realized that the macroscopically oriented nematic (N) phase of RD12 was obtained by the surface anchoring confinement and the crystallization of RD12 was completely suppressed. On the basis of the systematic experimental investigations, it was concluded that the glassy N phase was formed because the interaction between surface alignment layer and RD12 (a surface anchoring force) is bigger than that of RD12 themselves (a driving force of the crystallization). The finely tuned molecular orientations and anisotropic physical properties of the programmed RD12 building compound can allow us to fabricate smart optical and electrical thin films for practical applications in electro-optical applications.
The palladium-catalyzed amination of a variety of aryl chlorides has been accomplished by using di(dicyclohexylamino)phenylphosphine (1) as a bulky electron-rich monoaryl phosphine ligand. The ...optimized condition for the palladium-catalyzed amination of aryl chloride is the followings: aniline (3.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv), chlorobenzene (3.15 mmol, 1.05 equiv), ligand 1 (1 mol %, 0.03 mmol), KOtBu (4.5 mmol, 1.5 equiv), Pd2(dba)3 (1 mol %, 0.03 mmol), and toluene as solvent at reflux temperature. We report on couplings of various amines or chloroamines with chlorobenzenes and heteroaryl chloride.
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Since chronic kidney disease (CKD) is closely associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality as well as endstage renal disease, prediction of progressive CKD is a clinically important issue. We ...investigated the independent risk factors for the development of CKD in patients with lupus nephritis (LN).
The cohort included 322 Korean patients diagnosed with LN between 1985 and 2010. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and laboratory indices, treatment response, the final renal function, and the biopsy findings. The timing and cumulative risk of developing CKD were identified by Kaplan-Meier methods. The independent risk factors for developing CKD were examined by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.
The median followup time after the diagnosis of LN was 84 months. CKD occurs in 22% of the patients within 10 years after the diagnosis of LN. The probability of developing CKD was significantly associated with the onset time of LN (delayed-onset LN vs initial-onset LN; HR 2.904, p = 0.003), deteriorated renal function an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) body surface area at the onset of LN (HR 7.458, p < 0.001), relapse of LN after achieving remission (HR 2.806, p = 0.029), and resistance to induction therapy (HR 8.120, p < 0.001).
Our results demonstrate that delayed-onset LN, a decreased eGFR at the time of LN onset, and the failure to achieve a sustained remission are predictors for the development of CKD in Korean patients with LN.
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