•Separation of Pt, Pd and Rh by ion exchange resin is evaluated.•Effects of functional group of the resin, ionic state and selective elution are appraised.•Ir(IV), Au(III) and Ag(I) are the greatest ...treats for adsorption performance of Pt, Pd and Rh.•Environmental impact and economic feasibility of ion exchange process are discussed.
Demand for platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) as parts of platinum group metals (PGMs) has continued to increase as a consequence of increase in their applications. Various extraction methods have been developed to produce the metals including leaching-based process using halides, sulfate–chloride and cyanide, which generate leach liquors containing metal ions together with impurities. Separation processes are essentially employed to obtain metals of high purity for further applications. Among the widely applied techniques, ion exchange with the use of resins becomes one of the most important approaches. This paper reviews the separation of Pt, Pd and Rh by ion exchange resins from various solutions while considering the presence of other metals such as other PGMs, Au, Ag and base metals. The basic solution chemistry, type, properties and preparation of ion exchange resins including industrial and proposed flow sheets are also presented. In addition, an outlook for the further work in this area is provided.
•Recycling of all valuable and precious metals from spent auto-catalyst was studied.•NaOH roasting decomposed cordierite to acid soluble products-NaAlO2 and Na2MgSiO4.•>95% Al & Mg with significant ...amount of PGMs were leached in 1.0 M H2SO4 at 90 °C.•Cementation by Al0-powder (0.5 g/L) yielded all PGMs into mixed concentrate with CeO2.•PGMs were selectively leached in 6.0 HCl + 2.0 M NaClO3, leaving CeO2 in the residue.
Total recycling of all valuable metals such as PGMs, Ce, Al and Mg from the spent automobile catalysts has been explored. The alkali roasting was performed under NaOH, 0.5–3.0 g; temperature, 300–800 °C; and time, 10–60 min. The phase transformation from cordierite to the soluble products (NaAlO2, Na2MgSiO4) was influenced by the temperature, following the diffusion-controlled model (Ea(roasting), 6.4 kJ/mol). XRD analysis of the roasted mass revealed that the refractory phases of cordierite and γ-alumina could be eliminated at ≥600 °C at sample-to-NaOH mass ratio, 1:1. The leaching of the roasted mass followed an intermediate-controlled mechanism for aluminum leaching with (Ea(Al-leaching) value of 20.3 kJ/mol), while it was diffusion-controlled for magnesium leaching (Ea(Mg-leaching), 8.9 kJ/mol). At the optimum leaching condition (1.0 M H2SO4, 90 °C, 60 min, yielding >95% aluminum and magnesium), a significant amount of PGMs was also leached. Thereafter, the cementation process was investigated with Al0-powder that could precipitate >99% PGMs within 15 min at 90 °C. The yielded concentrate of PGMs and CeO2 was subsequently leached in 6.0 M HCl with 2.0 M NaClO3 that dissolved >97% PGMs, leaving the residue as the CeO2 concentrate. Individual metals can be recovered by following established separation and purification techniques.
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•Ammoniacal leaching is used to recover spent Li-ion battery cathode materials.•Leaching agents consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfite and ammonium carbonate.•Ammonium sulfite is a ...reductant and ammonium carbonate acts as pH buffer.•Co and Cu can be fully leached while Mn and Al are not leached.•Co recovery via ammoniacal leaching is economical compared to acid leaching.
As the production and consumption of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) increase, the recycling of spent LIBs appears inevitable from an environmental, economic and health viewpoint. The leaching behavior of Ni, Mn, Co, Al and Cu from treated cathode active materials, which are separated from a commercial LIB pack in hybrid electric vehicles, is investigated with ammoniacal leaching agents based on ammonia, ammonium carbonate and ammonium sulfite. Ammonium sulfite as a reductant is necessary to enhance leaching kinetics particularly in the ammoniacal leaching of Ni and Co. Ammonium carbonate can act as a pH buffer so that the pH of leaching solution changes little during leaching. Co and Cu can be fully leached out whereas Mn and Al are hardly leached and Ni shows a moderate leaching efficiency. It is confirmed that the cathode active materials are a composite of LiMn2O4, LiCoxMnyNizO2, Al2O3 and C while the leach residue is composed of LiNixMnyCozO2, LiMn2O4, Al2O3, MnCO3 and Mn oxides. Co recovery via the ammoniacal leaching is believed to gain a competitive edge on convenitonal acid leaching both by reducing the sodium hydroxide expense for increasing the pH of leaching solution and by removing the separation steps of Mn and Al.
Palliative care is a patient-centred, integrated approach for improving quality of life for both patients facing life-threatening illnesses and for their families. Although there has been increased ...interest in palliative care for non-cancer patients, the palliative care competency of nurses who care for non-cancer patients has rarely been investigated. This study described the palliative care knowledge, attitude, confidence, and educational needs in nurses who care for patients with congestive heart failure, stroke, end-stage renal disease, and end-stage liver disease; explored the relationships between those variables; and identified factors affecting nurses' palliative care confidence.
A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design was employed; data collection was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea. Nurses who were working in general wards and intensive care units (N = 102) completed valid and reliable self-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlations, and multiple regression were conducted to analyse the data.
Nurses' palliative care knowledge level was low (9.73 ± 2.10; range = 0-20) and their attitude toward palliative care was moderate (87.97 ± 6.93, range: 30-120). Knowledge was significantly correlated with attitude (r = .29, p = .003). Nurses were highly confident in pain and symptom management but demonstrated high educational needs for managing human and material resources to provide palliative care. Previous training in hospice, palliative, and EOL care was a significant and modifiable factor that affected nurses' confidence (std. β = 0.25, p = .010).
To facilitate high-quality palliative care for non-cancer patients and families, nursing education programs should be developed to address nurses' knowledge level, confidence level, and educational needs. This study provides relevant information that can be utilised to develop palliative care educational programs for nurses who care for non-cancer patients.
Abstract
Background
Non-cancer patients experience the chronic process of disease that increases the patients’ suffering as well as families’ care burden. Although two-thirds of deaths are caused by ...non-cancer diseases, there is a lack of studies on palliative care for non-cancer patients. This study identified the palliative care needs and satisfaction, anxiety and depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of non-cancer patients and identified the factors influencing their HRQOL.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey design was employed. Participants were 114 non-cancer patients with chronic heart failure, stroke, end-stage renal disease, or end-stage liver disease who were admitted to the general ward of a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Measures included the Palliative Care Needs and Satisfaction Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Medical Outcome Study 36-items Short Form Health Survey version 2. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, independent
t
-tests, analyses of variance, Pearson’s correlations, and multiple linear regression analyses.
Results
The average score of palliative care needs was 3.66 ± 0.62, which falls between ‘moderate’ and ‘necessary’. Among the four domains, the average score of palliative care needs in the psychosocial domain was the highest: 3.83 ± 0.67. Anxiety was nearly in the normal range (7.48 ± 3.60; normal range = 0–7) but depression was higher than normal (9.17 ± 3.71; normal range = 0–7). Similar to patients with cancer, physical HRQOL (38.89 ± 8.69) and mental HRQOL (40.43 ± 11.19) were about 80% of the general population’s score (50 points). Duration of disease and physical performance were significant factors associated with physical HRQOL, whereas physical performance, anxiety, and depression were significant factors associated with mental HRQOL.
Conclusion
It is necessary to maintain non-cancer patients’ physical performance and assess and manage their mental health in advance for effective palliative care. This study provides relevant information that can be used to develop a tailored palliative care model for non-cancer patients.
Abstract
Despite ML’s impressive performance in commercial applications, several unique challenges exist when applying ML in materials science applications. In such a context, the contributions of ...this work are twofold. First, we identify common pitfalls of existing ML techniques when learning from underrepresented/imbalanced material data. Specifically, we show that with imbalanced data, standard methods for assessing quality of ML models break down and lead to misleading conclusions. Furthermore, we find that the model’s own confidence score cannot be trusted and model introspection methods (using simpler models) do not help as they result in loss of predictive performance (reliability-explainability trade-off). Second, to overcome these challenges, we propose a general-purpose explainable and reliable machine-learning framework. Specifically, we propose a generic pipeline that employs an ensemble of simpler models to reliably predict material properties. We also propose a transfer learning technique and show that the performance loss due to models’ simplicity can be overcome by exploiting correlations among different material properties. A new evaluation metric and a trust score to better quantify the confidence in the predictions are also proposed. To improve the interpretability, we add a rationale generator component to our framework which provides both model-level and decision-level explanations. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of our technique on two applications: (1) predicting properties of crystalline compounds and (2) identifying potentially stable solar cell materials. We also point to some outstanding issues yet to be resolved for a successful application of ML in material science.
Abstract
As organisms develop, individual cells generate mitochondria to fulfill physiological requirements. However, it remains unknown how mitochondrial network expansion is scaled to cell growth. ...The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR
mt
) is a signaling pathway mediated by the transcription factor ATFS-1 which harbors a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS). Here, using the model organism
Caenorhabditis elegans
we demonstrate that ATFS-1 mediates an adaptable mitochondrial network expansion program that is active throughout normal development. Mitochondrial network expansion requires the relatively inefficient MTS in ATFS-1, which allows the transcription factor to be responsive to parameters that impact protein import capacity of the mitochondrial network. Increasing the strength of the ATFS-1 MTS impairs UPR
mt
activity by increasing accumulation within mitochondria. Manipulations of TORC1 activity increase or decrease ATFS-1 activity in a manner that correlates with protein synthesis. Lastly, expression of mitochondrial-targeted GFP is sufficient to expand the muscle cell mitochondrial network in an ATFS-1-dependent manner. We propose that mitochondrial network expansion during development is an emergent property of the synthesis of highly expressed mitochondrial proteins that exclude ATFS-1 from mitochondrial import, causing UPR
mt
activation.
We aimed to classify nonpharmacological interventions used for preventing delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU), and estimate their effect size.
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the ...literature was searched and studies were selected based on the PRISMA flow chart. Data sources included MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINHAHL, PsyInfo, and EMBASE. We used Cochrane's Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) criteria in study design and quality assessment of the meta-analysis.
This systematic review and meta-analysis included 35 and 15 studies, respectively. Studies were grouped into nine intervention types: multicomponent (16 studies), physical environment (9), daily interruption of sedation (2), exercise (2), patient education (2), automatic warning system (1), cerebral hemodynamics improving (1), family participation (1), and sedation reducing protocol (1). The effect size of preventive nonpharmacological interventions had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.66 (95% confidence interval CI, 0.50–0.86) for delirium occurrence, and an OR of 0.31 (95% CI, 0.10–0.94) for delirium duration. Although relevant studies by interventions were lacking, a partial subgroup analysis by intervention was performed.
Nonpharmacological interventions were effective in reducing the duration and occurrence of delirium. Consistent application and development of nonpharmacological interventions for use in the ICU are important.
•Systematic review of preventive nonpharmacological interventions for ICU delirium•Nonpharmacological interventions reduced delirium duration and occurrence.•However, they did not reduce the length of ICU stay and ICU mortality rates.•Findings provide basic data for the development of interventive measures.
We study the sensitivity of South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) precipitation to Southern Hemisphere (SH) subtropical Absorbed Solar Radiation (ASR) changes using Community Earth System Model 2 ...simulations. Reducing positive ASR biases over the SH subtropics impacts SASM, and is sensitive to the ocean basin where changes are imposed. Radiation changes over the SH subtropical Indian Ocean (IO) shifts rainfall over the equatorial IO northward causing 1–2 mm/day drying south of equator, changes over the SH subtropical Pacific increases precipitation over northern continental regions by 1–2 mm/day, and changes over the SH subtropical Atlantic have little effect on SASM precipitation. Radiation changes over the subtropical Pacific impacts the SASM through zonal circulation changes, while changes over the IO modify meridional circulation to bring about changes in precipitation over northern IO. Our findings suggest that reducing SH subtropical radiation biases in climate models may also reduce SASM precipitation biases.
Plain Language Summary
Precipitation from South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) is of high significance to the livelihoods of over a billion people. As the global climate continues to evolve, it is essential to have a clear understanding of the possible future changes to the SASM. However, current state‐of‐the‐art climate models have difficulties in simulating climatological mean SASM precipitations. Here we study sensitivity of SASM precipitation to subtropical southern ocean radiation as one of the possible causes of SASM precipitation bias. Our experiments indicate that SASM precipitation is sensitive to southern hemisphere (SH) subtropical radiation changes particularly to those in subtropical Pacific. These findings imply that improving SH subtropical radiation biases might improve SASM precipitation simulations in climate models.
Key Points
We test if biases in southern hemisphere shortwave radiation contributes to biases in South Asian summer monsoon precipitation in the CESM2
Reducing incoming shortwave radiation in the subtropical southern hemisphere reduces dry biases over continental South Asia
This effect is mostly due to forcing in the South Pacific, with less impact from the Atlantic or Indian Ocean
Progressive kidney diseases are often associated with scarring of the kidney’s filtration unit, a condition called focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This scarring is due to loss of ...podocytes, cells critical for glomerular filtration, and leads to proteinuria and kidney failure. Inherited forms of FSGS are caused by Rac1-activating mutations, and Rac1 induces TRPC5 ion channel activity and cytoskeletal remodeling in podocytes. Whether TRPC5 activity mediates FSGS onset and progression is unknown. We identified a small molecule, AC1903, that specifically blocks TRPC5 channel activity in glomeruli of proteinuric rats. Chronic administration of AC1903 suppressed severe proteinuria and prevented podocyte loss in a transgenic rat model of FSGS. AC1903 also provided therapeutic benefit in a rat model of hypertensive proteinuric kidney disease. These data indicate that TRPC5 activity drives disease and that TRPC5 inhibitors may be valuable for the treatment of progressive kidney diseases.
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