Orchids, due to their biological features, high decorative properties, and poor resistance to anthropogenic factors, are one of the most vulnerable components in the vegetation of the world. Their ...conservation cannot be efficient without knowledge of their reproductive biology. These data are especially important for species at the boundaries of their distribution area with additional reproduction-limiting factors. Our object of study is the rare orchid species
Epipactis atrorubens
(Hoffm.) Besser. During field research on the territory of the Komi Republic (northeast Russia), we studied 50 populations of
E. atrorubens
. The reproductive characteristics (fruit set, seed productivity, and seed morphometry) were studied in 19 of them. We established that the main limiting factor in the North is the short vegetation period. Frost damages generative shoots and does not allow seeds to ripen. The capsule of
E. atrorubens
at the northern distribution boundary contains fewer seeds than in the central part of the range. The real seed productivity is also lower here. Within the Komi Republic, in a sample of two sites (the Timan Range and the Ural Mountains), we also noted a decrease in all reproductive characteristics from south to north: the number and size of flowers and the number and quality of seeds decrease, and their shape changes (they become less elongated, which reduces their ability to be distributed). However, the deterioration in seed productivity is compensated for by an increase in the seed volume. Populations of fewer than 50 shoots in which juvenile plants are not found are in critical condition.
—The results of our eight-year study of a population of the rare orchid
Dactylorhiza incarnata
subsp.
cruenta
at the northern limit of its range (Komi Republic) are presented. The weather factors ...(air temperature and precipitation) were found to affect the small and large life cycles of this species. The number of plants in the population was influenced by the weather conditions of the previous growing season, positively by the temperature in August and negatively by frosts in October. The number of generative (flowering) plants had a positive correlation with the air temperature in July of the previous vegetative season. The fruit set was high (71.2%) and negatively associated with precipitation during the flowering of this species. The seed number per fruit in the population (9831 pcs on average) was higher than that in the more southern parts of the range of this species. This indicator, as well as the real seed productivity of the species, is positively related to the level of moisture availability of the current growing season. The seed production is high, from 34 000 to 154 600 seeds per m
2
in several study years, and is positively associated with the sum of active temperatures of the previous growing season. The presence of juvenile individuals (10.0–31.7%) over all study years indicates successful seed reproduction in this population.
The results of an 8-year study of the
Platanthera bifolia
(L.) Rich. (Orchidaceae) population on the northern border of its range (the Komi Republic, northeast of the European part of Russia) are ...presented. A negative correlation is found between the size of the leaves of this species and precipitation at the beginning of the current growing season. The number of flowers and their sizes are influenced by the weather conditions of August of the previous growing season. There are no significant differences in plant height or inflorescence length over the years. The number of the population is high for this species (400 plants); it is negatively affected by a lack of moisture in the previous year. Observations of mapped individuals reveal the duration of the presence of plants in different phases of ontogenesis. The ontogenetic spectra of the studied population correspond to the basic spectrum of the species; in some years, the dominance of juvenile specimens is observed, which is associated with the renewal waves characteristic of the species. Pollination efficiency is not affected by the number of flowers in the inflorescence or their size; it is related to the level of moisture availability of the territory. Seeds of
P. bifolia
(0.60 × 0.13 mm) in the studied area are smaller than in the southern parts of the range of this species. Significant differences in the size of seeds in different years of the study are revealed; the main influence on them is the weather conditions of July. A tendency to an increase in the volume of air space in the seed in wetter years has been found, which contributes to their better distribution under adverse weather conditions. Real seed productivity of
P. bifolia
varies by year from 25 400 to 40 800 seeds; this indicator is associated with the level of moisture availability of the current growing season. The presence of juvenile individuals (18.3–51.8%) in all years of study indicates successful seed renewal in this population. The number of juvenile individuals correlates with the moisture level of the previous growing season.
—Populations of the rare orchid
Dactylorhiza incarnata
(L.) Soó have been studied at the northern border of the species habitat in the Komi Republic (northeast of European Russia). Data on the ...population structure, morphometric traits of plants, and reproductive characteristics of the species are given. According to the results obtained, the size of plants of this species and the number of flowers per inflorescence in the region is lower than those in more southerly areas. The population size varies within 30–350 plants with an average density of 0.7–3.7 plant/m
2
. The reproductive success is associated with the weather conditions of the second ten-day period of June (time of flowering of this species in the region). The size of
D. incarnata
seeds (0.55 × 0.20 mm, on average) at the northern border of the species habitat is smaller than in other areas. Seed productivity is rather high: one fruit contains 6200 seeds, on average, and the real productivity of an individual plant is ~49 400 of seeds. Seed quality depends on the weather conditions including the temperature during flowering and the amount of precipitation during seed formation. The presence of juvenile plants in all populations studied indicates successful seed reproduction of the species at the northern border of its habitat despite decreased seed productivity compared to southern populations.
Data on the population structure, morphometric features of plants and seeds, and some features of reproductive biology (fruit set and seed productivity) of
Dactylorhiza fuchsii
(Druce) Soó ...(Orchidaceae) on the northern border of the species distribution range (Komi Republic, northeast Russia) are presented. The seed size and flower number per inflorescence decrease significantly from south to north within the species range. In the Komi Republic, the seed productivity of
Dactylorhiza fuchsii
is lower compared to the southern parts of its range: one fruit contains, on average, 2900 ± 80 seeds, the average real seed productivity of the generative plant is 24 800 seeds. Despite the decrease in some indicators of reproductive success, the species forms quite large, well-renewing populations in the northern part of the areal.
Peripheral populations are considered more vulnerable than central ones, but recent studies have questioned the existence of clear patterns within species ranges. We studied reproductive and ...demographic characteristics of the rare orchid
Dactylorhiza traunsteineri
at the northeastern limit of its distribution range (the Subpolar Urals) and compared them with the data of four populations located closer to the center of the range (south of the Komi Republic). In peripheral populations, some parameters (number of individuals per population, plant sizes, number of flowers per individual and seeds per fruit) were significantly lower than those in populations located closer to the center of the range. Contrary to expectations, the peripheral populations were renewed better than the central ones, which may be due to the high level of moisture availability in the Subpolar Urals. The proportion of juvenile individuals in the peripheral populations was 18.7%, while it was 6.3–6.9% in populations in the south of the Komi Republic. In addition, it was found that the proportion of empty space in seeds increased (from 63.9 to 75.6%) in the direction from the center to the periphery of the species range. This provides the seeds with better volatility and increases the chances of reaching places favorable for germination, which are becoming fewer at the edge of the range.
This paper is devoted to study of the formation of fluorocarbon coatings, which were obtained by using a low-frequency plasmatron of a low-temperature plasma at atmospheric pressure. The possibility ...of forming fluorocarbon coatings on silicon, and PET and polystyrene substrates is shown. The spectra of the UV and visible ranges were obtained, the width of the band gap of the obtained coatings was established by the Tauc method. The nanohardness of the obtained coatings was studied by the Oliver-Farr method.
The results of a 7-year study of two populations of the rare orchid
Cypripedium calceolus
L. located in different ecotopes (in the forest and in the swamp) in the Komi Republic are presented. It is ...revealed that the size of the shoots of this species is influenced by the weather conditions of both the current and previous vegetative seasons, while the specifics of the action of weather factors depending on the growing conditions are noted. The number of generative shoots in the studied populations is positively associated with the temperature and humidity of August of the previous vegetative season, and frosts have an additional effect on their number. The number of shoots in different growing conditions during the study period changed synchronously and was positively associated (as well as the number of juvenile plants) with the weather (temperature and precipitation) at the beginning of the vegetative season. At the same time, the population of
C. calceolus
, growing in different ecotopes, differed in a number of characteristics: the spatial placement of shoots, their size, the number of flowers per shoot, etc. This indicates that all population parameters are strongly influenced by the local conditions of the site. In a more shaded habitat (forest), the population of
C. calceolus
remained stable during the 7 years of study, whereas in the swamp the population was more dynamic. There was an increase in its number and active seed renewal. Despite the different seed productivity of the fruit in the two populations, the actual seed productivity of the generative shoot was the same in the same years of research.
With the inclusion of the category “simulation” in the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences an interest arose in studying “simulation” in the system of principles of the ...administrative process. The purpose of the study is to formulate general recommendations for neutralizing the negative consequences of manifestations of feign in the system of principles of the administrative process. The methodological basis of the research is materialistic dialectics and elements of conceptual analysis. The methods of analogy and generalization allow us to justify the use of the construction of “simulated legal phenomenon” for the study of the principles of the administrative process. The survey revealed obstacles to the implementation of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence. The comparative legal analysis allows us to establish the comparability of the volumes of state repression in the measures of administrative and criminal responsibility, a clearly negative assessment of simulation in administrative law compared to its neutral assessment in civil law, to identify a number of obstacles to the functioning of the principles of the administrative process. Other standard research methods are also used. The expediency of analyzing the simulation of the system of principles of the administrative process is justified; a simplified model of the system of principles of the administrative process is used for the analysis; from the standpoint of assessing legal simulation, the analysis of the principle of legality, the principle of procedural equality, the principle of guilt, the principle of presumption of innocence, as well as the principle of respect for the honor and dignity of the individual was carried out. In order to reduce the level of obvious simulation in the system of principles of the administrative process, in particular, it is recommended: in the doctrine of the administrative process to consider the principle of legality not as a reality, but as a goal; in the laws, replace the term “legality” with the term “lawfulness”; in the laws, the wording “the principle of equality before the law” and the like should be replaced with “the principle of equality of rights”; part 1 of Article 1.5 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences should be amended as follows: “a person is subject to administrative responsibility only for those socially harmful actions (acts of inaction) in respect of which his guilt is established”; part 3 of Article 1.5 of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences after the words: “...is not obliged to prove his innocence” should be supplemented with the words “but has the right to disagree with all or part of the arguments confirming his guilt, or to refute them”. It is also recommended to amend the legislation in order to unify the approach to the differentiation of administrative offenses and crimes.
—The influence of lighting conditions on the reproductive characteristics of
Cypripedium calceolus
L. was studied on the territory of the Komi Republic, where the species is located on the northern ...border of its habitat. The study was carried out in the southern part of the region (within the Vychegda-Mezen’ Plain) in 2017. Eight cenopopulations of the species in areas with various light intensities were examined, among which three cenopopulations were in swamps and five were in forests with varying degrees of closeness of the canopy. We used the index of “canopy closure” as a measure of light conditions in the areas of growth of
C. calceolus.
To evaluate this index, the method of analysis of digital hemispherical photographs obtained using a 180° ultra-wide-angle Fish-eye lens was used. Photographs were processed and analyzed using the Gimp 2.8 graphical package (GNU Image Manipulation Program, GIMP Team). Open habitats (with an index of canopy closure of less than 65%) were shown to be more favorable for the seed reproduction of
C. calceolus.
The pollination efficiency, real seed productivity, and the number of juvenile plants of seed origin are higher in such places. In addition, the later vegetation start in swamps allows the plants to avoid damage by late spring frosts. In more shaded habitats, the vegetative renewal of
C. calceolus
comes to the fore; all studied cenopopulations of the species in such conditions were more stable and aimed at survival.
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