The European lynx (Lynx lynx) hasexperienced significant decline in populationnumbers over large parts of its formerdistribution area in central and northernEurope. In Scandinavia (Sweden and ...Norway), thespecies has been subject to intense hunting and inthe early 20th century the population size mayhave been as low as about 100 animals. Duringthe rest of the century there have beenalternating periods of restricted hunting andtotal protection. Future management of theScandinavian lynx population will requireinsight into what effects demographicbottlenecks may have had on genetic variabilityand structure. For this purpose, 276 lynxesfrom Sweden, Norway, Finland, Estonia andLatvia were analysed for polymorphism at 11feline microsatellite loci and at themitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region.Scandinavian lynxes were found to be fixed fora single mtDNA haplotype, while this and threeadditional haplotypes were seen in Finland andthe Baltic States (Estonia and Latvia); thehaplotypes were all very similar, onlydiffering at 1-4 sites within a 700 bp regionsequenced. Microsatellite variability wasmoderate (H^sub e^ = 0.51-0.62) with lowerheterozygosity and fewer alleles in Scandinaviathan in Finland and the Baltic States together,though significant so only for the latter.Heterozygosity data in Scandinavia wereconsistent with a recent population bottleneck.Various analyses (e.g. F^sub st^, individual-basedtree, assignment test) revealed distinctgenetic differentiation between Scandinavianlynxes and animals from Finland and the BalticStates. Some structure was evident withinScandinavia as well, suggesting an isolation bydistance. The observed partition of geneticvariability between Scandinavia and the easterncountries thereof indicates that lynxpopulations from the two regions may need to beseparately managed. We discuss what factors canhave contributed to the population geneticstructure seen in northern European lynxpopulations of today.PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
The Erlangen communication hub allows medical subsystems to exchange data by two completely different methods. Since 1995 a communication data base, which is implemented using the relational data ...base system ADABAS D, contains data from the most important hospital systems. This data can be accessed by other medical systems. Thus, the communication data base allows subsystems which do not have a standardised interface to implement proprietary system interconnections via access based on SQL. The capabilities of this interconnection are dependent on both the implementation and the data which is made available by the communication data base. This contains mainly basic patient data and the results of tests performed by various laboratory systems. In addition to this proprietary communication system we have since the end of 1996 a communication server which can also handle standardised message formats such as HL7, EDIFACT, DICOM3. Future subsystems which possess standard interfaces will be connected via this server. The connection of the patient management system IS-H and the central laboratory system to the database has been proceeding since the beginning of 1997.
To present long-term results obtained with the Orandi one-stage urethroplasty using a modified technique as described by Raatzsch.
Between 1980 and 1993, Raatzsch urethroplasty was used in our clinic ...in 202 male patients (average age 50.9 years), 53% of whom had undergone other procedures before, mainly internal urethrotomy. The mean follow-up period was 46.2 months (range 2-156 months).
Good or improved results with no need for further surgical intervention were achieved in 128 patients (63.4%); a total of 117 procedures had to be performed in the other 74 patients in order to achieve a satisfactory outcome. The success rate was highest for penile strictures (71.8%). Complications occurred in 24.3% of cases.
The Raatzsch modification of Orandi urethroplasty is a simple procedure that yields moderate results on long-term follow-up. Surgeons who operate regularly for urethral stricture should be aware of its long-term results, especially in the treatment of penile strictures.
