OpenAI has released the Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) and revolutionized the approach in artificial intelligence to human-model interaction. The first contact with the chatbot ...reveals its ability to provide detailed and precise answers in various areas. Several publications on ChatGPT evaluation test its effectiveness on well-known natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, the existing studies are mostly non-automated and tested on a very limited scale. In this work, we examined ChatGPT’s capabilities on 25 diverse analytical NLP tasks, most of them subjective even to humans, such as sentiment analysis, emotion recognition, offensiveness, and stance detection. In contrast, the other tasks require more objective reasoning like word sense disambiguation, linguistic acceptability, and question answering. We also evaluated GPT-4 model on five selected subsets of NLP tasks. We automated ChatGPT and GPT-4 prompting process and analyzed more than 49k responses. Our comparison of its results with available State-of-the-Art (SOTA) solutions showed that the average loss in quality of the ChatGPT model was about 25% for zero-shot and few-shot evaluation. For GPT-4 model, a loss for semantic tasks is significantly lower than for ChatGPT. We showed that the more difficult the task (lower SOTA performance), the higher the ChatGPT loss. It especially refers to pragmatic NLP problems like emotion recognition. We also tested the ability to personalize ChatGPT responses for selected subjective tasks via Random Contextual Few-Shot Personalization, and we obtained significantly better user-based predictions. Additional qualitative analysis revealed a ChatGPT bias, most likely due to the rules imposed on human trainers by OpenAI. Our results provide the basis for a fundamental discussion of whether the high quality of recent predictive NLP models can indicate a tool’s usefulness to society and how the learning and validation procedures for such systems should be established.
•The results of ChatGPT and GPT-4 evaluation on 25 tasks using 48k＋ prompts.•Context-awareness and personalization are valuable capabilities of ChatGPT.•ChatGPT and GPT-4 are always worse compared to SOTA methods from 4% to over 70%.•ChatGPT loss tends to be higher for more difficult reasoning problems.•ChatGPT can boost AI development and change our daily lives.
Crop performance and yield are the results of genotypic expression as modulated by continuous interaction with the environment. Among the environmental factors, water is one of the most important, ...which limits the crop production on a global basis. Water resources in the world are steadily diminishing, and in many areas, including Poland, more frequent periods of drought are observed. There are many problems that are specifically related to water scarcity: an extremely dynamic nature of plant water status, relationship to the severity of the effects of water, time stress during ontogeny of plants, and the interaction of water stress with other environmental variables. The paper presents a review of recent literature on the effect of the grasses to drought stress at the level of physiological processes and the possibility of yielding. A better understanding of how long-term growth and yield are affected by water stress should aid in improving irrigation efficiency and practices, in modifying plants for more efficient water use, and in developing effective dry-land agriculture.
One of the cheapest, environmentally friendly methods for cleaning an environment polluted by heavy metals is phytoextraction. It builds on the uptake of pollutants from the soil by the plants, which ...are able to grow under conditions of high concentrations of toxic metals. The aim of this work was to assess the possibility of growing and phytoextraction potential of
Miscanthus x giganteus
and
Sida hermaphrodita
cultivated on two different soils contaminated with five heavy metals simultaneously: Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A 3-year microplot experiment with two perennial energy crops,
M
.
x giganteus
and
S
.
hermaphrodita
, was conducted in the experimental station of IUNG-PIB in Poland (5° 25′ N, 21° 58 ‘E), in the years of 2008–2010.
Miscanthus
was found more tolerant to concomitant soil contamination with heavy metals and produced almost double biomass than
Sida
in all three tested years, independent of soil type.
Miscanthus
collected greater amount of heavy metals (except for cadmium) in the biomass than
Sida
. Both energy crops absorb high levels of zinc, lower levels of lead, copper, and nickel, and absorbed cadmium at least, generally more metals were taken from the sandy soil, where plants also yielded better. Photosynthesis net rate of
Miscanthus
was on average 40% higher compared to
Sida
. Obtained results indicate that
M
.
x giganteus
and
S
.
hermaphrodita
can successfully be grown on moderately contaminated soil with heavy metals.
The public health problem of tick-borne diseases has attracted much attention in recent years due to an increasing incidence in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to compare the risk of ...exposure to ticks and tick-borne infections in dogs and cats in recreational and urbanized areas in the Lesser Poland and Silesian Provinces. For molecular testing for the presence of the selected pathogens, 207 I. ricinus females collected from 119 dogs and 50 cats, and 2 I. hexagonus females collected from 2 domestic dogs, were examined. Overall, A. phagocytophilum was found in 3.7% of the I. ricinus specimens, B. microti in 27.1%, and B. burgdorferi s.l. in 0.9%. In urban areas of both provinces, A. phagocytophilum was found in 4.8% of the I. ricinus specimens, B. microti in 41.6% and B. burgdorferi s.l. in 3.9%. Pathogens were detected B. microti in both studied I. hexagonus specimens. These findings may indicate the important role that these animals play in the circulation of these pathogens in nature.
Skin ectoparasites of domestic animals Kocoń, Anna; Nowak-Chmura, Magdalena
Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Naturae,
12/2017
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Zwierzęta towarzyszące ludziom, w tym zwierzęta domowe odgrywają ważną rolę w otaczającym nas środowisku. Jednak większość z nich może być narażona na kontakt z gatunkami pasożytniczych roztoczy i ...owadów, o dużym znaczeniu medycznym i weterynaryjnym, stanowiących zagrożenie dla zdrowia zarówno zwierząt, jak i ludzi. Do najbardziej rozpowszechnionych ektopasożytów skórnych zwierząt należą: Demodex canis, D. cati, D. criceti, D. aurati, D. caviae, Otodectes cynotis, Sarcoptes scabiei, Cheyletiella yasguri, C. blakei, Chirodiscoides caviae, Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis, Trichodectes canis, Linognathus setosus, Felicola subrostratus, Notoedres cati, Dubininia melopsittaci, Sideroferus lunula, Neopsittaconirmus gracilis, Gliricola porcelli, Trixacarus caviae, Ixodes ricinus, I. hexagonus, I. crenulatus, I. rugicollis i Dermacentor reticulatus. Różne gatunki pasożytów zewnętrznych, które mogą być również przenoszone na ludzi są odpowiedzialne za najczęstsze choroby pasożytnicze skóry zwierząt: sarkoptozę, otodektozę, ktenocefalidozę, wszawicę, wszołowicę, demodekozę i chejletielozę. Ponadto kleszcze z rodziny Ixodidae odgrywają znaczącą rolę w przenoszeniu chorób, do najważniejszych z nich należą: borelioza z Lyme, babeszjoza, riketsjoza, erlichioza, tularemia. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono najczęściej występujące ektopasożyty skórne u zwierząt domowych takich jak: pies domowy (Canis familiaris), kot domowy (Felis catus), papużka falista (Melopsittacus undulatus), kawia domowa (Cavia porcellus ), chomik syryjski (Mesocricetus auratus), mysz domowa (Mus musculus).
Progressive climate change plays a major role in the expansion of tick populations, as well as the transmission of tick-borne disease pathogens (TBPs) to humans and animals throughout the world. ...Zoonoses are a growing environmental problem of great importance for public health. In Poland, domestic dogs and cats are mainly infested by
and Dermacentor reticulatus ticks from the Ixodidae family. Other tick species, such as I. apronophorus and Haemaphysalis concinna, recorded sporadically on domestic dogs or cats, may expand their range in the future and successfully infest pets. Individual cases of infestations in Poland with foreign tick species, such as Rhipicephalus sanguineus, are known and may soon be recorded more frequently.
The aim of this review is to summarize the occurrence and identification of tick species and TBDs that are present or are likely to spread in Poland, which, given the medical and veterinary importance of ticks, may help in the development of public health strategies.
A comprehensive literature review of publications and own research and data analysis was performed, obtained from reports and scientific descriptions on the epidemiology of tick-borne diseases.
The ecology of ticks and hosts in urban and suburban environments is critical for quantifying the parameters necessary for an initial risk assessment, and identifying public health strategies to control and prevent TBDs. In the future, these species may expand their range of occurrence and their host, becoming common members of the Polish tick fauna.
Anaplasma, Babesia, Borrelia and Rickettsia spp. are the major TBPs in Poland, and their prevalence is usually higher in dogs than cats.
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