The following paper advances our understanding of online volunteering in the medical context, through the study of Wikipedia volunteers who edit medical topics. It employs the Volunteer Functions ...Inventory (VFI) model to study volunteers' motivations through a survey carried out in 2021 (Nequivalent74). It highlights the importance of the non- traditional VFI dimensions of "fun" and "ideology" which have not been adequately discussed in the context of medical volunteering. The findings also show that Wikipedia volunteers who edit medical topics are older, more gender-balanced, and better educated than typical Wikipedia volunteers from a decade ago. Many are medical professionals, and their significant involvement helps to explain the above-average quality of Wikipedia medical topics. Conversely, the study reveals the need for more experts to engage with Wikipedia. Lack of volunteers, in particular, experts, and inadequate support from professional institutions, are identified as main reasons for problems in Wikipedia's quality.
As Wikipedia approaches its 20th anniversary, this article explores the complex relationship between the Wikipedia world and the world of academia. This article examines the ongoing debate about the ...quality and reliability of Wikipedia and its relationship to traditional reference works. It also examines the difficulties of experts who try to contribute to Wikipedia. It also considers the clash between amateur and expert practices of knowledge production and the lack of professional motivation for using Wikipedia in education and research.
•Collaborating with Wikipedia is increasingly common in academia, though barriers remain.•Wikipedia’s anti-elitist culture and academia’s anti-amateur culture are still at odds.•Many academics remain unaware of core Wikipedia characteristics (its nonprofit status; the growing consensus around the quality of its content).•Wikipedia challenges the primacy of scholarly expertise and blurs the line between experts and amateurs. The result is a clash between younger, more accepting academics and older, more suspicious colleagues.•A lack of knowledge and incentives, and a fear of ostracism prevent many academics from publicly collaborating with Wikipedia.
The phrase “Jewish paradise” (from Latin
paradisus Judeorum
) originated in an early seventeenth-century xenophobic and antisemitic poem. Over the centuries, the original poem has been forgotten and ...the phrase, originally intended to be a satirical exaggeration of the Jewish position, has become increasingly used as a neutral or even favorable expression referencing the Golden Age of Jewish Culture in early modern Poland-Lithuania. This paper traces the history of this transition and argues that it represents an example of the linguistic reclamation: turning an antisemitic phrase into a philosemitic one, used from Poland to Jewish communities worldwide.
As one of the most popular sources of information in the world, Wikipedia is edited by a large, global community of contributors. User-generated nature of this online encyclopedia ensures that the ...information reflects a wide range of topics. Hovewer, Wikipedia articles are created and edited independently in each language version. Therefore, some topics may be presented with varying degrees of completeness depending on their importance in a particular language community. In this paper, we quantified the concept of Americanization on a global scale through comparative analysis of the coverage of American topics in different language versions of Wikipedia. For this purpose, we analyzed over 90 million Wikidata items and 40 million Wikipedia articles in 58 languages. We discussed whether Americanization is more or less dominant in different languages, regions, and cultures. We showed that the interest in American topics is not universal. Western, developed countries are more Americanized (more interested in topics related to America) than the rest of the world. This is the first global, quantitative confirmation of issues often hypothesized, or assumed, in the literature on Americanization and related phenomena. This study shows that Wikipedia and Wikidata can allow quantification of social science concepts that previously were considered not realistically measurable. Finally, the presented research is also relevant to the discourses on the biases of Wikipedia.
This author’s reply continues the discussion that began in “From Adversaries to Allies? The Uneasy Relationship Between Experts and the Wikipedia Community” by Piotr Konieczny. In this reply, ...Konieczny analyzes and responds to three commentaries. In his view, Dariusz Jemielniak makes an excellent argument: traditional organizations must recognize that Wikipedia is here to stay with a tremendous and positive influence on the world. So, too, Kara Kennedy raises an interesting point about differences in peer review and publication processes. These tie into the discussion of change as a result of generational shifts. Finally, Ken Friedman offers a valuable view from the perspective of an outsider. This perspective illustrates the different experiences and attitudes between different kinds of experts based on their familiarity with and activity within the Wikipedia project.
Abstract
The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) was investigated in highly anisotropic single crystals of two single molecule magnets (SMMs): Ln
III
(Zn
II
L)
2
CF
3
SO
3
, where Ln = Tb, Dy and L = ...tripodal hexadentate Schiff base ligand. The structure of these paramagnetic compounds consists of identically oriented linear trinuclear clusters in a trigonal system with an easy direction
c
∥Zn–Ln–Zn array and a hard plane
ab
⊥Zn–Ln–Zn array. The magnitude of MCE measured for
c
∥
H
was significantly greater than MCE for
ab
∥
H
at a wide temperature range regardless of the studied SMM. Therefore, the rotating magnetocaloric effect (RMCE) was evaluated. The maxima of the magnetic entropy change for RMCE were obtained at 2.0 K and moderate fields: 3.9 J K
−1
kg
−1
at µ
0
H
= 1.3 T for Ln = Tb and 3.3 J K
−1
kg
−1
at µ
0
H
= 1.1 T for Ln = Dy. The relative efficiency of RMCE compared to the MCE measured in
c
∥
H
was as high as 99% at low magnetic fields.
Mammalian cells autonomously activate hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) to ensure survival in low-oxygen environments. We report here that injury-induced hypoxia is insufficient to ...trigger HIF1α in damaged epithelium. Instead, multimodal single-cell and spatial transcriptomics analyses and functional studies reveal that retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt
(RORγt
) γδ T cell-derived interleukin-17A (IL-17A) is necessary and sufficient to activate HIF1α. Protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling proximal of IL-17 receptor C (IL-17RC) activates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and consequently HIF1α. The IL-17A-HIF1α axis drives glycolysis in wound front epithelia. Epithelial-specific loss of IL-17RC, HIF1α, or blockade of glycolysis derails repair. Our findings underscore the coupling of inflammatory, metabolic, and migratory programs to expedite epithelial healing and illuminate the immune cell-derived inputs in cellular adaptation to hypoxic stress during repair.
This study deals with the fatty acid profile and oxidative changes (TBARS) in vacuum-packed (VP) or modified-atmosphere-packed (MAP) finely-comminuted poultry sausages with liquid fish oil and ...microencapsulated fish oil (MC) additives. An analysis of omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) showed that their content in the samples with the fish oil additive decreased from the initial value of 0.22 g∙100 g−1 of the product to 0.18 g∙100 g−1 (MAP) and 0.17 g∙100 g−1 (VP), respectively. After in vitro digestion, the total EPA and DHA content in the sample with microencapsulated oil amounted to 0.17 g∙100 g−1 of the product. The TBARS values showed the VP samples with both forms of the fish oil additive had the lowest values on the first day of storage. Storage of the samples for 21 days caused a slight increase in the degree of lipid oxidation. The research indicated that the forms of the oil additive did not have a negative influence on the sensory features or the physicochemical properties of the sausages. The EPA and DHA levels in samples with liquid fish oil and those with oil microcapsules were sufficient for the sausage producer to declare high content of these fatty acids in accordance with the current EC regulation.
•Up to 34 drug candidates identified in the last few years.•Drug screening methods available at all levels of complexity (computational to in vivo).•Translational research has gained momentum.
...Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a rare multisystemic neuromuscular disorder caused by expansion of CTG trinucleotide repeats in the noncoding region of the DMPK gene. Mutant DMPK transcripts are toxic and alter gene expression at several levels. Chiefly, the secondary structure formed by CUGs has a strong propensity to capture and retain proteins, like those of the muscleblind-like (MBNL) family. Sequestered MBNL proteins cannot then fulfill their normal functions. Many therapeutic approaches have been explored to reverse these pathological consequences. Here, we review the myriad of small molecules that have been proposed for DM1, including examples obtained from computational rational design, HTS, drug repurposing, and therapeutic gene modulation.
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