Notranjerevizijska dejavnost je dejavnost sodobnega časa. V Sloveniji v obdobju zadnjih desetih let zaznavamo izredno hiter razvoj in uveljavitev notranjega nadzora javnih financ na področju ...organizacij javnega zdravstva. Za proračunske uporabnike je notranjerevizijska dejavnost tudi predpisana z zakonom. Kot taka postaja v zadnjem času vse bolj vpeta tudi v poslovanje javnih zdravstvenih zavodov. Njeno delovanje označuje preizkušanje in ocenjevanje zadovoljivosti delovanja sistema notranjih kontrol in svetovanje pri njegovem izboljševanju zato, da bi zagotovili učinkovito in uspešno obvladovanje poslovnih tveganj bolnišnice. Poslovno tveganje razumemo kot vsak neugoden dogodek, ki vpliva na učinkovito in uspešno doseganje zastavljenih ciljev javnega zdravstvenega zavoda. Za obvladovanje tveganj je sicer odgovorno poslovodstvo, notranja revizija pa mu pri tem nudi ustrezno podporo. Svoje poslanstvo lahko notranja revizija izpolni uspešno le pod pogojem, da ima poslovodstvo ustrezno védenje in znanje o notranji reviziji.
An Internal Audit is the activity of modern times. Very rapid development and implementation of Public Internal Financial Control (PIFC) in the field of Public Health has been seen in Slovenia over the past ten years. For budget users, internal auditing is also required by law. Lately it is therefore becoming a very important part of business in public health institutions. The operations of an Internal Audit is characterised by the testing and evaluation of performance of the Internal Control System and consultation for enhancing performance with the purpose of providing efficient and successful business risk management of hospitals. Business risk is understood as any unpleasant event that intrudes on the effective and successful process of achieving the set business objectives of a health institution. While responsibility for Risk management lies with the management, internal Auditing can offer appropriate support. An Internal Audit can successfully complete its mission only if management has the appropriate knowledge and skills of internal auditing.
Notranja revizija kot orodje za izboljšanje učinkovitosti poslovodenja v javnem zdravstvu
Notranjerevizijska dejavnost je dejavnost sodobnega časa. V Sloveniji v obdobju zadnjih desetih let zaznavamo ...izredno hiter razvoj in uveljavitev notranjega nadzora javnih financ na področju organizacij javnega zdravstva. Za proračunske uporabnike je notranjerevizijska dejavnost tudi predpisana z zakonom. Kot taka postaja v zadnjem času vse bolj vpeta tudi v poslovanje javnih zdravstvenih zavodov. Njeno delovanje označuje preizkušanje in ocenjevanje zadovoljivosti delovanja sistema notranjih kontrol in svetovanje pri njegovem izboljševanju zato, da bi zagotovili učinkovito in uspešno obvladovanje poslovnih tveganj bolnišnice. Poslovno tveganje razumemo kot vsak neugoden dogodek, ki vpliva na učinkovito in uspešno doseganje zastavljenih ciljev javnega zdravstvenega zavoda. Za obvladovanje tveganj je sicer odgovorno poslovodstvo, notranja revizija pa mu pri tem nudi ustrezno podporo. Svoje poslanstvo lahko notranja revizija izpolni uspešno le pod pogojem, da ima poslovodstvo ustrezno védenje in znanje o notranji reviziji.
The aquatic ecosystems of the world are highly burdened with microplastics (MPs; particles <5 mm). There is a great need for better understanding of patterns of MP pollution across catchments and ...rivers of different sizes, anthropogenic pressures and hydrogeomorphological features. In this study, we investigated the MP concentrations including their characteristics (polymer type, shape, size and colour), and MP distribution in water and sediments of two hydrogeomorphologically different small-scale catchments (< 800 km2), namely Kamniška Bistrica (KB) and Ljubljanica (LJ), Slovenia. The main objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of how WWTP effluents and catchment urbanisation together with the diversity of natural hydrogeomorphology, affect the quantity and quality of MP pollutants in the rivers with smaller catchments. Significantly different mean MP concentrations were found in the water columns (KB: 59 ± 16 items m−3; LJ: 31 ± 14 items m−3), but not in the sediments (KB: 22 ± 20 items kg−1; LJ: 23 ± 25 items kg−1). A longitudinal gradient with increasing particle concentration was observed in both water and sediment samples and in both catchments. Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) particles dominated in all samples. Fibres were predominant in the water column samples, while fragments were more common in the sediment samples. MP particles were mostly coloured, and most of them were smaller than 2 mm in both water and sediment samples. The critical evaluation of the results and previous studies suggest that the characteristics of the catchment (anthropogenic pressures, size, climate, etc.), the hydrogeomorphology of the river (sediment type, discharge, flow velocity etc.), the sampling location along the river, the sampled compartment (water, sediment), the sampling method, and the hydrometeorological characteristics at the time of sampling, are important factors for observed MP concentrations and other characteristics.
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•Microplastic pollution of a pre-alpine and karstic catchment was compared.•Water and sediments of small sized catchment (< 800 km2) were investigated.•PE and PP were most common polymers with fibres in water and fragments in sediments.•Sampling location, catchment characteristics and hydrogeomorphology are important.
Alcohol dependence in women is a problem in the contemporary society. The change of the traditional woman's role is accompanied by an increasing rate of women who abuse alcohol. It is therefore ...necessary to create treatment and preventive interventions adjusted to this population. Alcoholism in women differs greatly according to age groups. Adolescents, young females, middle-aged women and older women have different etiological factors underlying their drinking problem. The characteristics and the drinking habits also differ greatly in young and older women. For the period of adolescence, the most important risk factors are behavioral problems, problems at school and family history and environment. For women in young adulthood, the most important risk factors are problems associated with the role and health problems. For the women of older age, the most important are widowhood and retirement issues. This article shows that, the likelihood of developing alcoholism increases as the risk factors become more numerous. The above risk factors suggest the connection with the development of alcohol dependence but do not prove causality.
Characteristics of female drinking by age Kovač, Ana; Kovčo Vukadin, Irma; Zoričić, Zoran ...
Alcoholism and psychiatry research,
07/2014, Volume:
50, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Open access
Alcohol dependence in women is a problem in the contemporary
society. The change of the traditional woman’s role is accompanied
by an increasing rate of women who abuse alcohol. It is therefore
...necessary to create treatment and preventive interventions adjusted to
this population. Alcoholism in women differs greatly according to age
groups. Adolescents, young females, middle-aged women and older
women have different etiological factors underlying their drinking
problem. The characteristics and the drinking habits also differ greatly
in young and older women. For the period of adolescence, the most important
risk factors are behavioral problems, problems at school and
family history and environment. For women in young adulthood, the
most important risk factors are problems associated with the role and
health problems. For the women of older age, the most important are
widowhood and retirement issues. This article shows that the likelihood
of developing alcoholism increases as the risk factors become more numerous.
The above risk factors suggest the connection with the development
of alcohol dependence but do not prove causality.
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