Renewable energy and employment in Germany Lehr, Ulrike; Nitsch, Joachim; Kratzat, Marlene ...
Energy policy,
2008, 2008-1-00, 20080101, Volume:
36, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The positive impacts of an increasing share of renewable energy on the mitigation of climate change as well as on the decrease of the dependency of energy imports are indisputable. However, one ...persistent problem for the German economy has been its high level of unemployment in the recent past. Therefore, any policy strategy will be measured also by its net impact on the labor market. The paper describes the results of a study that models this impact and is novel within three respects: firstly, an Input–Output-Vector for the renewable energy sector was developed based on the results of more than 1000 interviews with an extensive questionnaire, secondly gross and net effect of two different policy scenarios for Germany until 2030 were calculated and thirdly the approach varies from earlier studies by its explicit modeling of export and foreign trade effects.
The reaction kinetics of the rhodium-phosphine catalysed hydrogenation of methyl-(
Z)-α-acetamidocinnamate (MAC) was studied both in micellar solutions and in methanol. A comparison shows a strong ...dependence of the reaction order of the substrate on the nature of the reaction media. In aqueous micellar solutions of a nonionic and an ionic surfactant the reaction rate gets zero order towards the substrate concentration, due to the stabilisation of the rhodium–substrate complex in the micelles. The reaction rate is only affected by the hydrogen insertion step. The effective activation energies give additional information about the reaction mechanism.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A major virulence factor of SARS-CoVs is the ...nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1), which suppresses host gene expression by ribosome association. Here, we show that Nsp1 from SARS-CoV-2 binds to the 40
ribosomal subunit, resulting in shutdown of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation both in vitro and in cells. Structural analysis by cryo-electron microscopy of in vitro-reconstituted Nsp1-40
and various native Nsp1-40
and -80
complexes revealed that the Nsp1 C terminus binds to and obstructs the mRNA entry tunnel. Thereby, Nsp1 effectively blocks retinoic acid-inducible gene I-dependent innate immune responses that would otherwise facilitate clearance of the infection. Thus, the structural characterization of the inhibitory mechanism of Nsp1 may aid structure-based drug design against SARS-CoV-2.
Activated oncogenes and anticancer chemotherapy induce cellular senescence, a terminal growth arrest of viable cells characterized by S-phase entry-blocking histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation ...(H3K9me3). Although therapy-induced senescence (TIS) improves long-term outcomes, potentially harmful properties of senescent tumour cells make their quantitative elimination a therapeutic priority. Here we use the Eµ-myc transgenic mouse lymphoma model in which TIS depends on the H3K9 histone methyltransferase Suv39h1 to show the mechanism and therapeutic exploitation of senescence-related metabolic reprogramming in vitro and in vivo. After senescence-inducing chemotherapy, TIS-competent lymphomas but not TIS-incompetent Suv39h1(-) lymphomas show increased glucose utilization and much higher ATP production. We demonstrate that this is linked to massive proteotoxic stress, which is a consequence of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) described previously. SASP-producing TIS cells exhibited endoplasmic reticulum stress, an unfolded protein response (UPR), and increased ubiquitination, thereby targeting toxic proteins for autophagy in an acutely energy-consuming fashion. Accordingly, TIS lymphomas, unlike senescence models that lack a strong SASP response, were more sensitive to blocking glucose utilization or autophagy, which led to their selective elimination through caspase-12- and caspase-3-mediated endoplasmic-reticulum-related apoptosis. Consequently, pharmacological targeting of these metabolic demands on TIS induction in vivo prompted tumour regression and improved treatment outcomes further. These findings unveil the hypercatabolic nature of TIS that is therapeutically exploitable by synthetic lethal metabolic targeting.
Bacterial flagella differ in their number and spatial arrangement. In many species, the MinD-type ATPase FlhG (also YlxH/FleN) is central to the numerical control of bacterial flagella, and its ...deletion in polarly flagellated bacteria typically leads to hyperflagellation. The molecular mechanism underlying this numerical control, however, remains enigmatic. Using the model species Shewanella putrefaciens, we show that FlhG links assembly of the flagellar C ring with the action of the master transcriptional regulator FlrA (named FleQ in other species). While FlrA and the flagellar C-ring protein FliM have an overlapping binding site on FlhG, their binding depends on the ATP-dependent dimerization state of FlhG. FliM interacts with FlhG independent of nucleotide binding, while FlrA exclusively interacts with the ATP-dependent FlhG dimer and stimulates FlhG ATPase activity. Our in vivo analysis of FlhG partner switching between FliM and FlrA reveals its mechanism in the numerical restriction of flagella, in which the transcriptional activity of FlrA is down-regulated through a negative feedback loop. Our study demonstrates another level of regulatory complexity underlying the spationumerical regulation of flagellar biogenesis and implies that flagellar assembly transcriptionally regulates the production of more initial building blocks.
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