We present the performance of a full-length prototype of the ALICE Forward Calorimeter (FoCal). The detector is composed of a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic sampling calorimeter with longitudinal ...and transverse segmentation (FoCal-E) of about 20\(X_0\) and a hadronic copper-scintillating-fiber calorimeter (FoCal-H) of about 5\(\lambda_{\rm int}\). The data were taken between 2021 and 2023 at the CERN PS and SPS beam lines with hadron (electron) beams up to energies of 350 (300) GeV. Regarding FoCal-E, we report a comprehensive analysis of its response to minimum ionizing particles across all pad layers. The longitudinal shower profile of electromagnetic showers is measured with a layer-wise segmentation of 1\(X_0\). As a projection to the performance of the final detector in electromagnetic showers, we demonstrate linearity in the full energy range, and show that the energy resolution fulfills the requirements for the physics needs. Additionally, the performance to separate two-showers events was studied by quantifying the transverse shower width. Regarding FoCal-H, we report a detailed analysis of the response to hadron beams between 60 and 350 GeV. The results are compared to simulations obtained with a Geant4 model of the test beam setup, which in particular for FoCal-E are in good agreement with the data. The energy resolution of FoCal-E was found to be lower than 3% at energies larger than 100 GeV. The response of FoCal-H to hadron beams was found to be linear, albeit with a significant intercept that is about factor 2 larger than in simulations. Its resolution, which is non-Gaussian and generally larger than in simulations, was quantified using the FWHM, and decreases from about 16% at 100 GeV to about 11% at 350 GeV. The discrepancy to simulations, which is particularly evident at low hadron energies, needs to be further investigated.
Lightweight metal matrix composites have attracted a great attention for their technological application in aerospace, automotive, or sporting goods, and the multifunctionality of these composites ...will further expand the range of applications. Herein, a kind of lightweight 1–3 magnetostrictive FeCo/AlSi composites is investigated to evaluate the effects of the specific structure design and reverse magnetic field on the energy conversion under compression. The microstructure of the FeCo/AlSi composite before compression was observed, and the results indicate that there is a large bonding interface, which has the benefits of strain/stress transfer. Compared with the FeCo/AlSi composite with straight FeCo wire, a design with twisted FeCo wire significantly enhances the output performance of the magnetostrictive FeCo/AlSi composite. Furthermore, comparison of the output voltage for the FeCo/AlSi composite in the N–S mode (forward magnetization) and N–N mode (reverse magnetization) reveals that the reverse magnetization can improve the efficiency of the energy conversion notably. In addition, the results of the output voltage in the theoretical calculation are virtually consistent with that in practical measurement.
Herein, a metal‐matrix lightweight FeCo‐based magnetostrictive energy harvester is proposed. A twisted structure design to improve the energy‐harvesting performance is used for the first time. A reverse magnetic field, differing from the traditional magnetization mode, significantly enhances the efficiency of energy conversion. A calculation model is established to predict the energy‐harvesting performance.
Additive Manufacturing (AM), which enables modeling of complex shapes and rapid prototyping, is attracting attention in various fields. In this study, the application of AM to the fabrication of ...clothing was examined. Although AM has been used to make clothes in the past, those are made of plastic chain mail, etc., and are not comfortable enough for daily wear. Therefore, a novel fabric-like material was developed that is made by filling cotton yarns on a flat surface and drawing a pattern made of flexible polymer on the surface of the cotton yarn by AM. Clothes made of this fabric-like material are expected to be as comfortable as conventional clothes because only the cotton yarns touch our skin when we wear the clothes. Moreover, this technology can be used to make a single garment using only a piece of cotton yarn, and the concept was demonstrated this by making a prototype. This garment can be recycled by removing the flexible polymer with a solvent or other means, and the continuous cotton yarn can be recovered and recycled.
The effect of B and P content on the amorphous forming ability (AFA), thermal stability, amorphous stability, and structural behavior was investigated in Fe-B-Nb-P alloys using metallic ribbons ...produced by a single-roller melt-spinning method. The maximum thickness, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">t_{\mathbf {max}} </tex-math></inline-formula>, indicating AFA of Fe 84-{x} B 9 Nb 7 P x (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{x} =0 </tex-math></inline-formula>-4), increased from 19.5 to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">68.7~\mu \text{m} </tex-math></inline-formula>. The alloys exhibited two exothermic peaks to have resulted from the formation of bcc <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula>-Fe and borides, respectively. The Fe 84-{x} B 9 Nb 7 P x (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{x} =0 </tex-math></inline-formula>-3) alloys with the wide interval between two exothermic peaks exhibited the high thermal stability compared to the commercialized composition of Fe 73.5 Si 13.5 B 9 Nb 3 Cu 1 . The wide range between the glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature means the super-cooled liquid region, leading to obtain the high stable amorphous phase. The super-cooled liquid region was observed in Fe 81-{y} B 9+{y} Nb 7 P 3 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{y} =0 </tex-math></inline-formula>-2) alloys and the endothermic reaction of the super-cooled liquid region got larger by increasing B content. The <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\alpha </tex-math></inline-formula>-Mn type structure was observed in Fe 80 B 10 Nb 7 P 3 alloy annealed at 823 K, and it was considered to improve the amorphous stability. The Fe 81 B 9 Nb 7 P 3 alloy with a high AFA of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">68.7~\mu </tex-math></inline-formula> m exhibited excellent magnetic characteristics, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">B_{s} </tex-math></inline-formula> of 1.51 T and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">H_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> of 4.7 A/m.
The possibility of the powderization of precursor with a single amorphous phase was investigated in FeBNbP nanocrystalline alloy particles and FeBNbPSi nanocrystalline alloy powders. Fe90−xBxNb7P3 ...(x=9, 10), Fe79.5B9.5Nb7P3Si1 and Fe82−x B9Nb6P3Six (x=2, 3) powders were prepared by the gas atomization method using high pressure water for rapid quenching. The as-atomized particle as a precursor exhibiting low Hc of 141 A/m with a single amorphous phase was observed from a cross sectional image and SAED pattern in the Fe80B10Nb7P3 nanocrystalline alloy powder. In addition, the stability of amorphous phase in the FeBNbP nanocrystalline alloy was also significantly improved by the addition of Si. Therefore, the as-atomized Fe79B9Nb6P3Si3 nanocrystalline alloy powder with Si as a precursor powder of nanocrystalline alloy was achieved to exhibit excellent magnetic softness of low Hc of 53 A/m compared to the ordinary Fe73Si11B11Cr3C2 amorphous and Fe73.5Si13.5B9Nb3Cu1 nanocrystalline alloy powders. In addition, the Fe79B9Nb6P3Si3 powder after nanocrystallization at 873K achieved both high Bs of 1.41T and low Hc of 37 A/m compared to ordinary amorphous, and nanocrystalline alloys.
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