Intensive measures were initiated by the state with the help of central government health authorities including the National Centre for Disease Control, National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian ...Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and experts from AIIMS, New Delhi. 9 The continued degradation and fragmentation of the natural habitats of bats has resulted in an increased overlap of bat, domestic animals, and human ecologies, which has created increased opportunities for emergence of bat-borne zoonotic diseases. Design of forest management strategies that preserve bats' roosting and foraging landscapes and prevention of viral spillover from bats to humans require a complete understanding of the ecological narrative, linking of bat habitat with human and livestock activity to explain when, where, and why a virus emerges.
The investment in an automated fabric defect detection system is more than economical when reduction in labor cost and associated benefits are considered. The development of a fully automated web ...inspection system requires robust and efficient fabric defect detection algorithms. The inspection of real fabric defects is particularly challenging due to the large number of fabric defect classes, which are characterized by their vagueness and ambiguity. Numerous techniques have been developed to detect fabric defects and the purpose of this paper is to categorize and/or describe these algorithms. This paper attempts to present the first survey on fabric defect detection techniques presented in about 160 references. Categorization of fabric defect detection techniques is useful in evaluating the qualities of identified features. The characterization of real fabric surfaces using their structure and primitive set has not yet been successful. Therefore, on the basis of the nature of features from the fabric surfaces, the proposed approaches have been characterized into three categories; statistical, spectral and model-based. In order to evaluate the state-of-the-art, the limitations of several promising techniques are identified and performances are analyzed in the context of their demonstrated results and intended application. The conclusions from this paper also suggest that the combination of statistical, spectral and model-based approaches can give better results than any single approach, and is suggested for further research.
High‐resolution images from Chandrayaan‐1 Terrain Mapping Camera and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera reveal landslides and gully formation on the interior wall of a 7 km‐diameter simple crater ...emplaced in Schrödinger basin on the farside of the Moon. These features occur on the steep upper crater wall, where the slope is ~35°. The gullies show a typical alcove‐channel‐fan morphology. Some gullies incise bedrock, where impact‐related faults are present. Slope failure along the concentric faults also led to formation of landslides. Dark slope streaks are abundant at the bright gully regions, especially near the fan and channel deposits. Spectral characteristics inferred from data obtained by Hyperspectral Imager and Moon Mineralogy Mapper on board Chandrayaan‐1 show that the gullies and landslides are characterized by high optical immaturity and devoid of prominent spectral absorption features related to water or hydroxyl molecules, suggesting youthful dry‐granular flows. Mass movements on the crater wall led to the formation of arcuate ridges and ponding of fine‐grained sediments on the crater floor. Runout flows from small impact craters on the slopes indicate that impact‐induced seismic shaking was responsible for the downslope mass movements. Crater size‐frequency distributions suggest a minimum age of 18–2 Ma for the gullies and 2 Ma for the landslides, while age of the host crater ejecta was inferred to be about 175 Ma. The gullies and landslides also occur on the interior wall of other impact craters elsewhere on the Moon and probably formed by similar processes.
Key Points
Gullies and landslides are present in fresh lunar impact craters
Gullies and landslides are dry‐granular flows
Gullies and landslides are formed long after the host crater
Background. The role of drug concentrations in clinical outcomes in children with tuberculosis is unclear. Target concentrations for dose optimization are unknown. Methods. Plasma drug concentrations ...measured in Indian children with tuberculosis were modeled using compartmental pharmacokinetic analyses. The children were followed until end of therapy to ascertain therapy failure or death. An ensemble of artificial intelligence algorithms, including random forests, was used to identify predictors of clinical outcome from among 30 clinical, laboratory, and pharmacokinetic variables. Results. Among the 143 children with known outcomes, there was high between-child variability of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide concentrations: 110 (77%) completed therapy, 24 (17%) failed therapy, and 9 (6%) died. The main predictors of therapy failure or death were a pyrazinamide peak concentration <38.10 mg/L and rifampin peak concentration <3.01 mg/L. The relative risk of these poor outcomes below these peak concentration thresholds was 3.64 (95% confidence interval CI, 2.28–5.83). Isoniazid had concentration-dependent antagonism with rifampin and pyrazinamide, with an adjusted odds ratio for therapy failure of 3.00 (95% CI, 2.08–4.33) in antagonism concentration range. In regard to death alone as an outcome, the same drug concentrations, plus z scores (indicators of malnutrition), and age <3 years, were highly ranked predictors. In children <3 years old, isoniazid 0- to 24-hour area under the concentration-time curve <11.95 mg/L × hour and/or rifampin peak <3.10 mg/L were the best predictors of therapy failure, with relative risk of 3.43 (95% CI, .99–11.82). Conclusions. We have identified new antibiotic target concentrations, which are potential biomarkers associated with treatment failure and death in children with tuberculosis.
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•Enormous advantages of PAMAM dendrimers enhanced the attentiveness of investigators.•Dendrimers proved as the gold standard for the cancer treatment.•Dendrimers have shown promising ...potential for targeted delivery of bioactive.
Poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM) are novel polymeric highly branched architectures with well-defined nano-size, narrow polydispersity index and numerous active amine functional groups at the periphery. The highly attractive feature of modifiable multiple surface functionalities facilitates conjugation of various ligands for cancer targeting, imaging and therapy. As well as, solubilization, high drug encapsulation, inherent passive targeting ability will also contribute to the therapeutic success of dendrimers. Cancer researchers are very eager about the utility of PAMAM dendrimer as a drug carrier and non-viral gene vector. This review highlighted the potential of non-targeted and ligand targeted surface engineered PAMAM dendrimers for the delivery of anticancer drugs and gene therapeutics and briefly focus on the diagnostic imaging applications of PAMAM dendrimers.
Background & objectives: India has been reporting the cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since January 30, 2020. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) formulated and established ...laboratory surveillance for COVID-19. In this study, an analysis of the surveillance data was done to describe the testing performance and descriptive epidemiology of COVID-19 cases by time, place and person.
Methods: The data were extracted from January 22 to April 30, 2020. The frequencies of testing performance were described over time and by place. We described cases by time (epidemic curve by date of specimen collection; seven-day moving average), place (area map) and person (attack rate by age, sex and contact status), and trends were represented along with public health measures and events.
Results: Between January 22 and April 30, 2020, a total of 1,021,518 individuals were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Testing increased from about 250 individuals per day in the beginning of March to 50,000 specimens per day by the end of April 2020. Overall, 40,184 (3.9%) tests were reported positive. The proportion of positive cases was highest among symptomatic and asymptomatic contacts, 2-3-fold higher than among those with severe acute respiratory infection, or those with an international travel history or healthcare workers. The attack rate (per million) by age was highest among those aged 50-69 yr (63.3) and was lowest among those under 10 yr (6.1). The attack rate was higher among males (41.6) than females (24.3). The secondary attack rate was 6.0 per cent. Overall, 99.0 per cent of 736 districts reported testing and 71.1 per cent reported COVID-19 cases.
Interpretation & conclusions: The coverage and frequency of ICMR's laboratory surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 improved over time. COVID-19 was reported from most parts of India, and the attack rate was more among men and the elderly and common among close contacts. Analysis of the data indicates that for further insight, additional surveillance tools and strategies at the national and sub-national levels are needed.
Methanol oxidation mechanism on PEDOT:PSS/MnO2/rGO/ITO electrode.
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•PEDOT:PSS/MnO2/rGO nanocomposite has been synthesized by in situ polymerization as anode catalyst for methanol ...oxidation.•The synthesized ternary nanocomposite possesses high BET surface area (190 m2 g−1) and pore volume (0.55 cm3 g−1).•The ternary nanocomposite coated electrode exhibits high anodic current of 56.38 mA cm−2 at a lower onset voltage of 0.32 V.•The ternary nanocomposite coated electrode exhibits lower deterioration rate of 7.73 × 10−6 s−1 after 1 h.•The modified electrode shows enhanced cyclic stability of 83% upto 700th cycle.
In this work, a non-precious anode catalyst material PEDOT:PSS/MnO2/rGO ternary nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal route followed by in situ oxidative polymerization. The morphology and structure of the synthesized samples were investigated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). From the morphological investigations of the ternary nanocomposite, it is confirmed that PEDOT:PSS coated MnO2 nanorods are wrapped by rGO nanosheets. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) measurements confirm the porous structure and high surface area (190 m2/g) of the ternary nanocomposites. Electrochemical and electrocatalytic activities of PEDOT:PSS/MnO2/rGO coated ITO electrodes towards methanol oxidation were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 0.5 M NaOH as supporting electrolyte. Anodic and cathodic electron transfer coefficient (α and β) and heterogeneous rate constant (ks) of the ternary nanocomposite coated electrode were found to be 0.51, 0.45 and 0.055 s−1, respectively. The higher electrocatalytic activity i.e. higher oxidation current density (56.38 mA/cm2) and lower onset potential (0.32 V) of the ternary nanocomposite towards methanol oxidation may be due to synergistic effects of excellent conductivity of rGO nanosheets and porous nanostructure of PEDOT:PSS coated MnO2 nanorods. Long term stability holding of current density 50 mA/cm2 upto 1 h and higher cyclic stability (current retention factor 83%) upto 700th cycles imply that PEDOT:PSS/MnO2/rGO ternary nanocomposite can be the potential alternative of platinum based anode catalyst in direct methanol fuel cell.
Pulse-width modulation (PWM) of a motor drive at a fixed switching frequency leads to harmonic currents in narrow bands around integral multiples of the switching frequency resulting in tonal ...frequency acoustic noise components, which are irritating to the human ear. Random variation of carrier frequency to spread the spectrum poses challenges in device loss calculation, thermal design, and closed-loop controller design. Random pulse positioning is not quite effective at high speeds of the drive, where the problem of acoustic noise is most pronounced. This paper proposes a simple variable-frequency PWM and evaluates the performance of the same experimentally on a 6-kW induction motor drive. The experimental results show that the acoustic noise is spread uniformly over a range of frequencies without introducing low-frequency current harmonics. Compared with fixed-frequency PWM, the dominant acoustic noise is reduced significantly over a wide range of speeds. The variable-frequency PWM is further shown to reduce line current total harmonic distortion at high speeds of the drive. The computational effort required by the variable-frequency PWM is only marginally higher than that required by fixed-frequency PWM.
The necessity for advancement in the field of energy storage devices is inevitable due to the forthcoming exhaustion in the availability of primitive hydrocarbon deposits. Benign and ecological ...renewable sources can opt as the perfect substitution for fossil fuels as a remedy for sustainability, which can be stored to meet the overflowing energy demand. Even a single spark in the development of energy storage devices can be viewed as an explosion in the execution of future energy concerns. This review is a token of recent progress in the arena of two-dimensional material-based supercapacitors for energy storage applications, manuscript starts with the need for energy storage devices in the anticipation of upcoming energy catastrophe. A brief introduction to the capacitors along with their classification under various parameters and their peaks and valleys in storing energy are included in the review. The chief attention of the appraisal stands on the capacitors employing the pseudo mechanism but those based on electrochemical double layer and faradaic mechanism are also included along with performance evaluation. The role of various 2D materials including graphene, molybdenum-based TMDs, tungsten-based TMDs, MXene, two-dimensional metal-oxides and phosphides in enhancing the charge storage performance are scrutinized in the review.
•Investigated the underlaying concepts of supercapacitors supported by pictorial illustrations.•The impact of graphene-based compounds, TMDCs, and MXene on the performance of supercapacitors are scrutinized.•Dissected the upshot of two-dimensional metal-oxides and metal-phosphides on the augmentation of SPR activity.•An integrated overview of various two-dimensional materials in altering the electrochemical behaviour is presented.•Analyzed challenges on commercialisation of supercapacitors and the latitudes of future investigation.
To sustain the positive economic trajectory that India has had during the past decade, and to honour the fundamental right of all citizens to adequate health care, the health of all Indian people has ...to be given the highest priority in public policy. We propose the creation of the Integrated National Health System in India through provision of universal health insurance, establishment of autonomous organisations to enable accountable and evidence-based good-quality health-care practices and development of appropriately trained human resources, the restructuring of health governance to make it coordinated and decentralised, and legislation of health entitlement for all Indian people. The key characteristics of our proposal are to strengthen the public health system as the primary provider of promotive, preventive, and curative health services in India, to improve quality and reduce the out-of-pocket expenditure on health care through a well regulated integration of the private sector within the national health-care system. Dialogue and consensus building among the stakeholders in the government, civil society, and private sector are the next steps to formalise the actions needed and to monitor their achievement. In our call to action, we propose that India must achieve health care for all by 2020.
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