Obesity has recently emerged as a public health issue facing developing countries in the world. It is caused by the accumulation of fat in adipose, characterized by insulin resistance, excessive ...lipid accumulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, leading to an increase in adipokine levels. Herein, we investigated the capacity of a bioactive polyphenolic compound (ferulic acid (FA)) to control adipocyte dysfunction in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (in vitro). Key adipocyte differentiation markers, glycerol content, lipolysis-associated mRNA, and proteins were measured in experimental adipocytes. FA-treated adipocytes exhibited downregulated key adipocyte differentiation factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAT enhancer binding-proteins-α (C/EBP-α) and its downstream targets in a time-dependent manner. The FA-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed an increased release of glycerol content compared with non-treated adipocytes. Also, FA treatment significantly up-regulated the lipolysis-related factors, including
, and p-perilipin, and down-regulated ApoD, Sema3C, Cxcl12, Sfrp2, p-stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), adiponectin, and Grk5. Also, the FA treatment showed significantly down-regulated adipokines leptin, chemerin, and irisin than the non-treated cells. The present findings indicated that FA showed significant anti-adipogenic and lipogenic activities by regulating key adipocyte factors and enzyme, enhanced lipolysis by HSL/perilipin cascade. FA is considered a potent molecule to prevent obesity and its associated metabolic changes in the future.
Formononetin (FN), a typical phytoestrogen has attracted substantial attention as a novel agent because of its diverse biological activities including, osteogenic differentiation. However, the ...molecular mechanisms underlying osteogenic and myogenic differentiation by FN in C2C12 progenitor cells remain unknown. Therefore the objective of the current study was to investigate the action of FN on myogenic and osteogenic differentiation and its impact on signaling pathways in C2C12 cells. FN significantly increased myogenic markers such as Myogenin, myosin heavy chains, and myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD). In addition, the expression of osteogenic specific genes alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Run-related transcription factor 2(RUNX2), and osteocalcin (OCN) were up-regulated by FN treatment. Moreover, FN enhanced the ALP level, calcium deposition and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein isoform (BMPs). Signal transduction pathways mediated by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), extracellular signal-related kinases (ERKs), protein kinase B (Akt), Janus kinases (JAKs), and signal transducer activator of transcription proteins (STATs) in myogenic and osteogenic differentiation after FN treatment were also examined. FN treatment activates myogenic differentiation by increasing p38MAPK and decreasing JAK1-STAT1 phosphorylation levels, while osteogenic induction was enhanced by p38MAPK dependent Smad, 1/5/8 signaling pathways in C2C12 progenitor cells.
The dietary intake of plant-based supplements has a vital role in human health and development. However, the actions of secondary plant metabolites on cell growth, differentiation and their signaling ...mechanisms are still unclear.
In this study, we aim to investigate the C2C12 myoblast cells proliferation and differentiation by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid (=HMCA, ferulic acid) in a dose-dependent manner and to reveal its underlying mechanism of action. Methods: The effect of HMCA on C2C12 cell proliferation and differentiation were evaluated by expression of BMP's marker genes (-2, -4, -6, -7) and related myogenic proteins were analyzed by quantitative PCR and western blot techniques, respectively.
The in vitro findings confirmed that the HMCA upregulates BMPs (including BMP-2, -4, -6, and-7), gene expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Exposure to the lower dose of HMCA caused a significantly greater induction of myogenic differentiation than the higher dose during three- and six-day treatments. Further, the C2C12 myogenic differentiation signaling proteins MyoD, myogenin, JAK-1, -2, -3, STAT -2, -3, AMPK-α, ERK(1/2), and AKT were more preferentially activated by HMCA exposure cells than by untreated models. Thus, the experiment with inhibitors revealed that the HMCA induced muscle cell proliferation and differentiation through AKT and ERK (1/2) signaling cascades. Also, HMCA enhanced the C2C12 muscle cell differentiation protein markers such as myogenin, AKT and ERK (1/2) significantly (p ≤ 0.05) at day three in chemical inhibitors of LY 294002 and PD98056 treated samples.
The HMCA has a significant effect on muscle cell differentiation through ERK(1/2) and AKT signaling activation. Also, the HMCA promotes C2C12 muscle cell proliferation and differentiation via activation of osteogenic genes and myogeneic protein markers. Therefore, this study suggests that the natural phenolic compound HMCA has a potent function in muscle cell proliferation, differentiation, and development.
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A co-culture system allows researchers to investigate the complex interactions between two cell types under various environments, such as those that promote differentiation and growth as well as ...those that mimic healthy and diseased states, in vitro. In this paper, we review the most common co-culture systems for myocytes and adipocytes. The in vitro techniques mimic the in vivo environment and are used to investigate the causal relationships between different cell lines. Here, we briefly discuss mono-culture and co-culture cell systems and their applicability to the study of communication between two or more cell types, including adipocytes and myocytes. Also, we provide details about the different types of co-culture systems and their applicability to the study of metabolic disease, drug development, and the role of secretory factors in cell signaling cascades. Therefore, this review provides details about the co-culture systems used to study the complex interactions between adipose and muscle cells in various environments, such as those that promote cell differentiation and growth and those used for drug development.
In this investigation, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using cellulase (partially purified from Glutamicibacter arilaitensis strain ALA4) as reducing agent. The biosynthesis of AuNPs was ...confirmed by observing the appearance of purple colour solution with surface plasmon resonance absorption peak (λmax) at 574 nm. The SEM analysis showed the synthesis of gold nanocrystals with an average size of 5–7 nm. Cellulase was partially purified from strain ALA4 using standard protocols, and further immobilized on AuNPs for assessing its role in the saccharification of alkali (4% w/v NaOH) pre-treated aquatic weeds (Alternanthera philoxeroides and Brachiaria mutica) biomass. The pre-treated biomass of A. philoxeroides exhibited maximum total reducing sugar (TRS) yield of 18.95 ± 0.18 mg/g at 72 h. The pre-treated biomass exhibited increased saccharification degree of 38.25 ± 0.8, 49.05 ± 0.7, 67.05 ± 0.7, 85.27 ± 0.8, and 67.99 ± 0.8% from 12 to 96 h. Likewise, the pre-treated biomass of B. mutica exhibited maximum TRS yield of 20.98 ± 0.17 mg/g at 72 h. The pre-treated biomass exhibited increased saccharification degree of 44.46 ± 0.7, 55.53 ± 0.8, 73.26 ± 0.7, 94.41 ± 0.8, and 73.3 ± 0.7% from 12 to 96 h. Bioethanol production from pre-treated aquatic weeds were estimated by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process using yeast cells immobilized on sodium alginate. Ethanol content was estimated using Gas Chromatography. The yeast cells immobilized in calcium alginate beads showed ethanol production of 45.09 and 50.1% from NaOH pre-treated A. philoxeroides and B. mutica biomass, respectively. Findings of this study suggested pronounced role of bacterial cellulase-assisted-synthesized AuNPs in biofuel industries for the successful production of bioethanol from distinct aquatic weeds biomass in a cost-effective manner in future.
The purpose of this study was to identify potent lactic acid bacteria that could have a great impact on triticale silage fermentation at different moisture levels and determine their anti-bacterial ...activity and high probiotic potential. For this purpose,
(TC48) and
(TC50) were isolated from fermented triticale silage. The fermentation ability of these isolates in triticale powder was studied by an ensiling method. TC48 had higher ability to ferment silage powder by increasing the lactic acid content of silage than TC50. Extracellular supernatant (ECS) of TC48 and TC50 exhibited strong antibacterial effects (inhibition zone diameters: 18-28 mm) against tested cattle pathogenic bacteria with minimum inhibitory/ minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) values of 5.0-10 mg/mL and 10-20 mg/mL, respectively. Extracellular supernatant (ECS) of TC48 and TC50 showed antibacterial activities on
,
,
and
through destruction of membrane integrity as confirmed by decreased viability, and increased 260 nm absorbing material in culture filtrate of pathogenic bacteria exposed to ECS of both strains. TC48 and TC50 strains exhibited high tolerance to artificial gastric, duodenal and intestinal fluids. TC48 showed good hydrophobicity and auto-aggregations properties. TC48 and TC50 significantly co-aggregated with
,
,
and
in a time-dependent manner. In summary, all of the bacteria had a positive impact on at least one functional property of the silage during the fermentation process. However, the addition of
(TC48) and
(TC50) yielded the greatest silage quality improvement, having high antibacterial and probiotic properties.
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This study aimed to identify phytocompounds that possess anti-chikungunya virus activity using computational docking and in vitro studies.
A total of 6050 phytocompounds were ...retrieved from PubChem and other online databases. Compounds were virtually screened against E (3N42) and nsP2 (3TRK) proteins of CHIKV using iGEMDOCK. Molecular docking was performed for the screened compounds using the Maestro Glide module. Finally, screened lead compounds were studied for their in vitro antiviral activity against the Asian and African strains of CHIKV.
Among the three lead phytocompounds screened, astragaloside II showed the highest binding energy value of -10.603 kcal/mol, followed by astragaloside IV (-9.007kcal/mol) and astragaloside III (-6.197 kcal/mol) against the 3TRK target protein. Astragaloside II showed the highest binding energy value of -10.603 kcal/mol, followed by astragaloside IV (-10.548 kcal/mol) and astragaloside III (-9.539 kcal/mol) against the 3N42 target protein. ADMET analysis revealed that all three lead compounds have non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic properties. Antiviral studies showed that astragaloside II exhibited antiviral activity at 1.56µg/mL and 3.12µg/mL, respectively against Asian and African strains of CHIKV, while astragaloside IV exhibited antiviral activity at 3.12µg/mL and 6.25µg/mL, and astragaloside III at 3.12µg/mL and 12.5µg/mL against Asian and African strains of CHIKV, respectively.
From the findings of this study, it is concluded that the phytocompounds such as astragaloside II, astragaloside III, and astragaloside IV possess promising in vitro antiviral activity against Asian and African strains of CHIKV.
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Recently, the production of nanoparticles using biological resources has gained considerable attention due to their application for animal and human well-being. In this study, we used ...agreensynthesis to fabricate gold and silver nanoparticles by reducing HAuCl4 and AgNO3 into AuNPs and AgNPs, respectively, using Dudleya brittonii (DB) extract. The physio-chemical properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using a UV–vis spectrophotometer, FESEM, EDX, HR-TEM, AFM and FT-IR. Furthermore, the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity activities of DB-AuNPs and DB-AgNPs against livestock pathogenic bacteria and different cell lines, as well as anti-oxidant activity, were investigated. DB synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs were mostly spherical with a few triangular rods and sizes ranging of 5–25 nm and 10–40 nm, respectively. The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal studies demonstrated the DB-AuNPs and DB-AgNPs have good antibacterial activity against E. coli and other livestock pathogens, including Y. pseudotuberculosis and S. typhi. Cell studies revealed that the higher concentrations of both DB-AuNPs and DB-AgNPs (1 µg/ml to 1 mg/ml) showed potent cytotoxicity in chicken cells after 24 hrs, whereas the middle and lower concentrations of DB-AuNPs and DB-AgNPs did not show cytotoxicity in selected cell lines after 24 hrs.In addition, the DB synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs exhibited good free scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the biosynthesized nanoparticles can be utilized by the livestock industry to develop an effective source against livestock microbial infections.
In this study, we synthesized fluorescent europium oxide (Eu2O3) nanosheets (EuNSs) using different approaches such as chemical-based methods and green synthesis, using Dedleya brittonii (DB) extract ...as an effective chelating agent for biological preparation. A modified hydrothermal method was used to synthesize chemical Eu2O3 nanosheets (CH-EuNS) and DB extract-based Eu2O3 nanosheets (DB-EuNS). Field emission scanning electron microscopy and HR-TEM analyses revealed that both EuNS had a sheet-like morphology, with an average thickness of 5–8 nm. The UV–Vis absorbance spectra of CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS showed clear bands at 320 and 325 nm, respectively; the band at approximately 320 nm corresponded to the absorbance of the Eu nanomaterial. The luminescence spectra of CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS showed strong red emission peaks centered at 616 and 612 nm, respectively, which were attributed to (5D0→7F3) and (5D0→7F2), respectively. Pure CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS showed no cytotoxicity against NIH 3 T3 fibroblasts and HeLa cancer cells at a high concentration (2 mg/mL) after 24 hr of exposure. Based on this outcome, unmodified CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS were used to detect ampicillin (AMP) antibiotics. The effectiveness of pure EuNS in detecting the presence of AMP was evaluated in various media, i.e., water, ethanol, and citrate buffer. Depending on the concentration of the different media, CH-EuNS with citrate buffer and ethanol exhibited maximum emission intensity variations of the 5D0 → 7F3 transition in the EuNS and AMP complexes at 618 nm. The luminescence of CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS was quenched in the presence of AMP at different concentrations (50 – 1 µM) in citrate buffer, whereas the luminescence intensity of pure EuNS was significantly higher than that of the EuNS-AMP mixture. The optimal linear concentration range for AMP was assessed under photoluminescence intensities of 0 to 50 µM, and the detection limit was determined to be 5 µM. This study suggests that CH-EuNS and DB-EuNS in a citrate buffer medium could effectively bind with AMP without ligand modification and significantly reduce the emission intensity due to the presence of AMP in the solution. Therefore, unmodified EuNS could be applied to detect AMP in a solution; however, for it to be used to detect AMP in real samples, it had to be optimized using a fluorescent nanomaterial.
•Ferulic acid (FA) extracted from Italian ryegrass and identified by HPLC.•FA inhibits adipocyte differentiation via downregulation of key factors-invitro.•FA reduced body weight gain in HFD induced ...obese mice-in-Vivo.•FA activates p38MAPK, p44/42 (Erk 1/2) and AMPK-α protein expression.•FA is a potent dietary source for preventing risk of obesity and their related disorders.
Ferulic acid (FA), a ubiquitous natural phenolic component found in many plants and fruits, has a wide range of biomedical applications. However, action mechanism of FA involved in lipid accumulation remains unclear. In this study, lipid accumulation and changes in expression levels of genes and proteins associated with adipocyte differentiation were investigated. Oil red O staining and glycerol accumulation assay revealed that FA decreased lipid accumulation in cells. FA downregulated expression levels of C/EBP-β, C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, and SREBP-1, but upregulated expression levels of p38MAPK, p44/42 (Erk 1/2), and AMPK-α phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 cells. FA effects on high fat diet-induced (HFD) obese mice were also investigated. FA lowered HFD-induced body weight gain of obese mice without affecting regular food intake. FA reduced serum levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides in HFD obese mice. Similar to results of in vitro study, FA inhibited adipogenesis and lipid accumulation via downregulating PPAR-γ while upregulating p38MAPK, p44/42 (Erk 1/2), and AMPK-α phosphorylation in Swiss albino mice.
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