Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to obtain epidemiological data on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in type 2 diabetes and to investigate the relationship of SMBG with disease-related ...morbidity and mortality. Methods The German multicentre Retrolective Study 'Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose and Outcome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes' (ROSSO) followed 3,268 patients from diagnosis of type 2 diabetes between 1995 and 1999 until the end of 2003. Endpoints were diabetes-related morbidity (non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, foot amputation, blindness or haemodialysis) and all-cause mortality. SMBG was defined as self-measurement of blood glucose for at least 1 year. Results During a mean follow-up period of 6.5 years, 1,479 patients (45.3%) began SMBG prior to an endpoint and an additional 64 patients started SMBG after a non-fatal endpoint. Interestingly, many patients used SMBG while being treated with diet or oral hypoglycaemic drugs (808 of 2,515, 32%). At baseline, the SMBG cohort had higher mean fasting blood glucose levels than the non-SMBG cohort (p<0.001), suggesting that insufficient metabolic control was one reason for initiating SMBG. This was associated with a higher rate of microvascular endpoints. However, the total rate of non-fatal events, micro- and macrovascular, was lower in the SMBG group than in the non-SMBG group (7.2 vs 10.4%, p=0.002). A similar difference was found for the rate of fatal events (2.7 vs 4.6%, p=0.004). Cox regression analysis identified SMBG as an independent predictor of morbidity and mortality, with adjusted hazard ratios of 0.68 (95% CI 0.51-0.91, p=0.009) and 0.49 (95% CI 0.31-0.78, p=0.003), respectively. A better outcome for both endpoints was also observed in the SMBG cohort when only those patients who were not receiving insulin were analysed. Conclusions/interpretation SMBG was associated with decreased diabetes-related morbidity and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes, and this association remained in a subgroup of patients who were not receiving insulin therapy. SMBG may be associated with a healthier lifestyle and/or better disease management.
Voyager 2 Plasma Wave Observations at Saturn Scarf, F. L.; Gurnett, D. A.; Kurth, W. S. ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
1982-Jan-29, Volume:
215, Issue:
4532
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The first inbound Voyager 2 crossing of Saturn's bow shock at 31.7 Saturn radii (R$_{S}$), near local noon and the last outbound crossing (at 87.4 R$_{S}$, near local dawn) had similar plasma wave ...signatures. However, many other aspects of the plasma wave measurements differed considerably during the inbound and outbound passes, suggesting the presence of effects associated with significant north-south or noon-dawn asymmetries, or temporal variations. Within Saturn's magnetosphere, the plasma wave instrument detected electron plasma oscillations, upper hybrid resonance emissions, half-gyrofrequency harmonics, hiss and chorus, narrowband electromagnetic emissions and broadband Saturn radio noise, and noise bursts with characteristics of static. At the ring plane crossing, the plasma wave instrument also detected a large number of intense impulses that we interpret in terms of ring particle impacts on Voyager 2.
Saturn's magnetosphere is currently studied from the microphysical to the global scale by the Cassini‐Huygens mission. During the first half of 2004, in the approach phase, remote sensing ...observations of Saturn's magnetosphere gave access to its auroral, radio, UV, energetic neutral atom, and dust emissions. Then, on 1 July 2004, Cassini Saturn orbit insertion provided us with the first in situ exploration of Saturn's magnetosphere since Voyager. To date, Saturn orbit insertion is the only Cassini orbit to have been described in common by all field and particle instruments. We use the comprehensive suite of magnetospheric and plasma science instruments to give a unified description of the large‐scale structure of the magnetosphere during this particular orbit, identifying the different regions and their boundaries. These regions consist of the Saturnian ring system (region 1, within 3 Saturn radii (RS)) and the cold plasma torus (region 2, within 5–6 RS) in the inner magnetosphere, a dynamic and extended plasma sheet (region 3), and an outer high‐latitude magnetosphere (region 4, beyond 12–14 RS). We compare these observations to those made at the time of the Voyager encounters. Then, we identify some of the dominant chemical characteristics and dynamical phenomena in each of these regions. The inner magnetosphere is characterized by the presence of the dominant plasma and neutral sources of the Saturnian system, giving birth to a very special magnetosphere dominated by water products. The extended plasma sheet, where the ring current resides, is a variable region with stretched magnetic field lines and contains a mixture of cold and hot plasma populations resulting from plasma transport processes. The outer high‐latitude magnetosphere is characterized by a quiet magnetic field and an absence of plasma. Saturn orbit insertion observations enabled us to capture a snapshot of the large‐scale structure of the Saturnian magnetosphere and of some of the main plasma processes operating in this complex environment. The analysis of the broad diversity of these interaction processes will be one of the main themes of magnetospheric and plasma science during the Cassini mission.
Mode conversion at the Jovian plasma sheet boundary Perraut, Sylvaine; Roux, Alain; Louarn, Philippe ...
Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics,
1 July 1998, Volume:
103, Issue:
A7
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The plasma wave data obtained by Galileo in Jupiter's magnetosphere often exhibit three distinct frequency bands in the frequency range between a few hertz and a few kilohertz. It is shown that these ...emissions are generally electromagnetic. They are identified by relating their characteristic frequencies to the solutions of the cold plasma dispersion relation. Four modes are possible: X, Z, O, and whistler. Knowing the electron gyrofrequency ƒce measured by the fluxgate magnetometer, we have considered two different hypotheses for the observed lower‐frequency cutoff of the intermediate frequency emissions which occur below ƒce. Under these assumptions, characteristic frequencies have been computed from the cold plasma theory and compared with the set of cutoff frequencies derived from the observations. Consistency checks lead to the identification of the intermediate frequency band as being on O mode with a low‐frequency cutoff at the electron plasma frequency ƒp. Below the O mode, Galileo detects whistler mode emissions (below ƒp). Above ƒce the observed emission is consistent with being X mode. An attempt is made to identify the source of the O mode radiation. Quasi‐electrostatic waves are sometimes identified below the upper hybrid frequency when the plasma sheet boundary is crossed. We suggest that these electrostatic waves, which are presumably generated by field‐aligned electron beams flowing along plasma sheet boundary, are successively mode converted into Z and later O mode. Thus the O mode observed mostly outside the plasma sheet is generated by mode conversion of primary electrostatic waves.
The solar system contains solids of all sizes, ranging from km-size bodies to nano-sized particles. Nanograins have been detected in situ in the Earth's atmosphere, near cometary and giant planet ...environments, and more recently in the solar wind at 1 AU. These latter nano grains are thought to be formed in the inner solar system dust cloud, mainly through collisional break-up of larger grains and are then picked-up and accelerated by the magnetized solar wind because of their large charge-to-mass ratio. In the present paper, we analyze the low frequency bursty noise identified in the Cassini radio and plasma wave data during the spacecraft cruise phase inside Jupiter's orbit. The magnitude, spectral shape and waveform of this broadband noise is consistent with the signature of nano particles impinging at nearby the solar wind speed on the spacecraft surface. Nanoparticles were observed whenever the radio instrument was turned on and able to detect them, at different heliocentric distances between Earth and Jupiter, suggesting their ubiquitous presence in the heliosphere. We analyzed the radial dependence of the nano dust flux with heliospheric distance and found that it is consistent with the dynamics of nano dust originating from the inner heliosphere and picked-up by the solar wind. The contribution of the nano dust produced in asteroid belt appears to be negligible compared to the trapping region in the inner heliosphere. In contrast, further out, nano dust are mainly produced by the volcanism of active moons such as Io and Enceladus.
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