National Diabetes Education Program of NIH, Mayo Clinic and American Diabetes Association recommend eggplant-based diet as a choice for management of type 2 diabetes. The rationale for this ...suggestion is the high fiber and low soluble carbohydrate content of eggplant. We propose that a more physiologically relevant explanation lies in the phenolic-linked antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of eggplant which could reduce hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis. Results from this study indicate that phenolic-enriched extracts of eggplant with moderate free radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity had high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in specific cases moderate to high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Inhibition of these enzymes provide a strong biochemical basis for management of type 2 diabetes by controlling glucose absorption and reducing associated hypertension, respectively. This phenolic antioxidant-enriched dietary strategy also has the potential to reduce hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis linked to cellular oxidation stress. These results provide strong rationale for further animal and clinical studies.
In the current study, three different types of cheese, cheddar, feta, and Roquefort, were screened to determine the variations in phenolic-linked antioxidant activity and the potential to inhibit key ...enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes and related hypertension. The cheese samples were assayed for total phenolic content, related antioxidant activity, and inhibition of α-glucosidase, pancreatic α-amylase inhibitory activity, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-I inhibitory activity. The three fungal-enriched Roquefort cheese samples had the highest total phenolic content. The phenolic content in the herb cheese was slightly but not significantly higher compared to plain cheese. Roquefort cheese samples had the highest antioxidant-linked DPPH (free radical) scavenging activity and as expected DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in the herb cheese compared to plain cheese. All samples had some α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities, with cranberry-enriched cheese having the highest activities. However, no correlation to soluble phenolic content was observed. All the cheese samples had very high anti-ACE-I inhibitory activity, indicating no correlation to phenolic content and activity was even high in 10× diluted samples. The highest ACE-I inhibitory activity was observed in plain and herb-enriched cheddar cheese as well as cranberry-enriched cheese. These studies indicate that cranberry-enriched cheese had the best potential for inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase relevant for type 2 diabetes management, whereas any cheese product had potential for ACE-I inhibition linked to hypertension management, indicating likely the role of other factors such as peptides from cheese fermentation.
This research is focused on screening of different types of commercial plain, herbal, fruit, and fungal-enriched to provide a strong biochemical rationale for further design of functional cheese products for anti-type 2 diabetic and relevant hypertension management. A better understanding of these functional attributes provides a strong biochemical rationale for design
in vivo and clinical studies from which right design of functional food can be established.
Listeria monocytogenes is a food safety challenge in various food systems including fresh and frozen meat and poultry. Natural antimicrobials from plant sources in combination with salts of organic ...acids have the potential to control
L. monocytogenes. In this research the efficiency of water soluble phenolic extracts of oregano and cranberry in combination with sodium lactate was evaluated for control of
L .monocytogenes. In both broth and cooked meat studies, the results indicated that the combination of water soluble extracts of oregano and cranberry, at a ratio of 50:50 and a concentration of 750 ppm, with 2% sodium lactate had the best inhibitory effect in the tested strain. Based on the rationale that phenolics in oregano and cranberry behave as proline analogs, the potential recovery of pathogen growth in medium with the best inhibitor concentration and supplemented with 1 mM proline was evaluated. The results indicated that there was a proline-induced growth recovery, pointing to a possible mechanism of action of inhibitors, involving proline metabolism. These results confirm the potential of plant extracts to be antimicrobial, and when combined with sodium lactate, can be used as a nature constituent of multiple-barrier food preservation systems.
Ulcer-associated dyspepsia is caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori is linked to a majority of peptic ulcers. Antibiotic treatment does not always inhibit or kill H. pylori with ...potential for antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the potential for using phenolic phytochemical extracts to inhibit H. pylori in a laboratory medium. Our approach involved the development of a specific phenolic profile with optimization of different ratios of extract mixtures from oregano and cranberry. Subsequently, antimicrobial activity and antimicrobial-linked urease inhibition ability were evaluated. The results indicated that the antimicrobial activity was greater in extract mixtures than in individual extracts of each species. The results also indicate that the synergistic contribution of oregano and cranberry phenolics may be more important for inhibition than any species-specific phenolic concentration. Further, based on plate assay, the likely mode of action may be through urease inhibition and disruption of energy production by inhibition of proline dehydrogenase at the plasma membrane.
Levels of obesity-linked non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and hypertension are highest among indigenous communities in North America. This is linked to changes in dietary pattern ...towards high calorie foods such as sugar, refined grain flour, and sweetened beverages. Therefore, a return to traditional dietary patterns may help to reduce these disease problems because of better balance of calories and beneficial nutrients. Further protective non-nutrient phenolic phytochemicals against NIDDM and hypertension are potentially high in these foods but less understood. In this study antidiabetic- and antihypertension-relevant potentials of phenolic phytochemicals were confirmed in select important traditional plant foods of indigenous communities such as pumpkin, beans, and maize using in vitro enzyme assays for -glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. In vitro inhibitory activities of these enzymes provide a strong biochemical rationale for further in vivo studies and dietary management strategy for NIDDM through the control of glucose absorption and reduction of associated hypertension. These enzyme inhibitory activities were further compared to total soluble phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the above-targeted plant foods. Pumpkin showed the best overall potential. Among the varieties of pumpkin extracts P5 (round orange) and P6 (spotted orange green) had high content of total phenolics and moderate antioxidant activity coupled to moderate to high alpha-glucosidase and ACE inhibitory activities. Therefore this phenolic antioxidant-enriched dietary strategy using specific traditional plant food combinations can generate a whole food profile that has the potential to reduce hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis and also associated complications linked to cellular oxidation stress and hypertension.
Background
Recurrence of pancreatic cancer after primary pancreatectomy occurs in the vast majority of patients. The role of surgical treatment for recurrent pancreatic cancer is not well ...established.
Methods
Patients who underwent primary pancreatectomy with curative intent from 2000 to 2014 at a single large‐volume centre were evaluated retrospectively. CT or PET was used to select patients with an isolated recurrence. The clinicopathological features and survival outcomes were compared according to treatment modalities.
Results
Of the 1610 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection, 1346 (83·6 per cent) were diagnosed with recurrent pancreatic cancer. Recurrence was locoregional in 366 patients (27·2 per cent), distant multifocal in 251 (18·6 per cent), distant isolated in 188 (14·0 per cent), locoregional plus distant in 153 (11·4 per cent) and peritoneal seeding in 388 (28·8 per cent). Of the 1346 patients with recurrence, 197 (14·6 per cent) had isolated recurrence; of these, 48 (24·4 per cent of all isolated recurrences; 3·6 per cent of all recurrences) underwent resection. Median survival of the 197 patients after diagnosis of isolated recurrence was 14·7 months; it was longer in patients who underwent surgical resection than among those treated non‐surgically (23·5 versus 12·0 months; P = 0·014). Multivariable analysis showed that chemotherapy and resection for recurrence were associated with better prognosis. Median survival after recurrence was longest in the 23 patients with isolated pulmonary recurrence (33·3 months). Survival after recurrence was better in patients who underwent resection of isolated recurrence in the remnant pancreas (median 28·0 versus 12·0 months, P = 0·010) and lung (median 36·5 versus 9·5 months; P = 0·010) than in those who did not undergo resection.
Conclusion
Surgical resection may be considered an option for treatment of patients with isolated recurrent pancreatic cancer.
For the select few
The rationale of this study was to enhance the nutritional quality of dry barley seeds. In this study we are evaluating the effect of germination on barley seeds relevant to total phenolic contents, ...antioxidant activity (in terms of DPPH free-radical scavenging) and the
in vitro
α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Barley seeds were germinated for 18.5, 24, 30, 48, and 67 h and then extracted in water. The total phenolic contents, antioxidant activities and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities changed with germination time. More specifically, within the first 48 h of germination the total phenolic content increased from 1.1 mg/g fresh weight (0 h) to 3.4 mg/g fresh weight (48 h) and then slightly reduced by 67 h. Similarly, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was significantly increased from an IC
50
128.82 mg/mL (0 h) to an IC
50
18.88 mg/mL (48 h) and then slightly reduced by 67 h. Significant maltase inhibitory activity was observed only with 48 h-germinated extract. Antioxidant activities increased continuously from an IC
50
15.72 mg/mL at 0 h to and IC
50
5.72 mg/mL after 48 h of germination. Based on our observations, barley seed germination was over after 48 h. During the progress of germination phenolic compounds are becoming available and are more easily extracted. After 48 h, lignification is initiated resulting to the decreased total phenolic content and observed antioxidant and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition activities. The above results indicate the positive effect of germination in barley seeds for enhanced antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.
The threading dislocation (TD) density in GaN films grown directly on flat sapphire substrates is typically >10
10/cm
2, which can deteriorate the properties of GaN-based LEDs significantly. This ...paper reports an approach to reducing the TD density in a GaN layer using a variety of patterned sapphire substrates (PSS). A cone-shaped PSS produced by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOVCD) was used for GaN deposition. Three types of GaN specimens were prepared at the initial nucleation stage, middle growth stage and final growth stage. The TDs generated on the cone-shaped PSS were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a strain mapping simulation using HRTEM images, which evaluated the residual strain distribution. A large number of TDs were generated and the residual strain by the lattice distortions remained above the top of the cone-shaped regions. However, no TDs and residual strain were observed at the slope of the cone-shaped regions. This might be due to the formation of a GaN layer by lateral overgrowth at the slope of the cone-shaped regions, resulting in less lattice mismatch and incoherency between the GaN and sapphire. In conclusion, the TD density in the GaN layer could be reduced significantly, approximately 10
7/cm
2, using the cone-shaped PSS.
ABSTRACT
An increasing number of studies indicate that regular intake of fruits and vegetables have clear links to reduced risk of chronic diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The ...beneficial effects in many cases have been attributed to the phenolic and antioxidant content of the fruits and vegetables. Apples are a major source of fiber and contain good dietary phenolics with antioxidant function. Previous epidemiological studies have indicated that intake of apples reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Our studies indicate that this reduced risk is potentially because of the modulation of postprandial glucose increase by phenolics present in apples via inhibition ofα‐glucosidase. Phenolic content was evaluated during 3 months of postharvest storage of four varieties of apples and results indicated positive linkage to enhanced postharvest preservation andα‐glucosidase inhibition. These in vitro results along with existing epidemiological studies provide strong biochemical rationale for further animal or human clinical studies.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
The understanding of phenolic‐linked antioxidant enzyme responses during postharvest storage of apples has implications for using the same phenolic functional ingredients toward health benefits such as α‐glucosidase inhibition linked to glycemic index control associated with type 2 diabetes. Therefore strategies to understand phenolic‐linked postharvest preservation and natural treatments to extend this preservation in selected varieties, such as McIntosh and Cortland in this study, can be basis for food ingredient design for health benefits. These strategies can then be extended to prolong postharvest preservation and enhance phenolic linked human health benefits of a wide variety of fruits and vegetables.
Over the past two decades, the age of liver transplantation (LT) recipients has been increasing. We reviewed our experience with LT for patients aged ≥70 years (range: 70–78 years) and investigated ...the feasibility of performing LT, especially living donor LT (LDLT), for older patients. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 25 patients (15 LDLT recipients, 10 deceased donor LT recipients) aged ≥70 years who underwent LT from January 2000 to April 2016. Their perioperative morbidity rate was 28.0%, and the in‐hospital mortality rate was 16.0%; these results were comparable to those of matched patients in their 60s (n = 73; morbidity, p = 0.726; mortality, p = 0.816). For patients in their 70s, the 1‐ and 5‐year patient survival rates were 84.0% and 69.8%, and the 1‐ and 5‐year graft survival rates were 83.5% and 75.1%, respectively. Comparisons of patient and graft survival rates between matched patients in their 60s and 70s showed no statistically significant differences (patient survival, p = 0.372; graft survival, p = 0.183). Our experience suggests that patients aged ≥70 years should not be excluded from LT, or even LDLT, based solely on age and implies that careful selection of recipients and donors as well as meticulous surgical technique are necessary for successful results.
Patients aged 70 years or older should not be excluded from undergoing liver transplant or even living donor liver transplant based solely on chronological age.
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