This paper describes the addition of Collision-Induced Absorption (CIA) into the HITRAN compilation. The data from different experimental and theoretical sources have been cast into a consistent ...format and formalism. The implementation of these new spectral data into the HITRAN database is invaluable for modeling and interpreting spectra of telluric and other planetary atmospheres as well as stellar atmospheres. In this implementation for HITRAN, CIAs of N2, H2, O2, CO2, and CH4 due to various collisionally interacting atoms or molecules are presented. Some CIA spectra are given over an extended range of frequencies, including several H2 overtone bands that are dipole-forbidden in the non-interacting molecules. Temperatures from tens to thousands of Kelvin are considered, as required, for example, in astrophysical analyses of objects, including cool white dwarfs, brown dwarfs, M dwarfs, cool main sequence stars, solar and extra-solar planets, and the formation of so-called first stars.
► Comprehensive compilation of collision-induced absorption cross-sections. ► CIAs of N2, H2, O2, CO2, and CH4 with various perturbing species are considered. ► Experimental and theoretical data are cast into consistent user-friendly format. ► A much-needed tool for atmospheric and astrophysics research is developed.
Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean? Lafferty, Kevin D.; Porter, James W.; Ford, Susan E.
Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics,
01/2004, Volume:
35, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Many factors (climate warming, pollution, harvesting, introduced species) can contribute to disease outbreaks in marine life. Concomitant increases in each of these makes it difficult to attribute ...recent changes in disease occurrence or severity to any one factor. For example, the increase in disease of Caribbean coral is postulated to be a result of climate change and introduction of terrestrial pathogens. Indirect evidence exists that (a) warming increased disease in turtles; (b) protection, pollution, and terrestrial pathogens increased mammal disease; (c) aquaculture increased disease in mollusks; and (d) release from overfished predators increased sea urchin disease. In contrast, fishing and pollution may have reduced disease in fishes. In other taxa (e.g., sea grasses, crustaceans, sharks), there is little evidence that disease has changed over time. The diversity of patterns suggests there are many ways that environmental change can interact with disease in the ocean.
The pure water-vapor continuum absorption in the 2.88 to 5.18
μm spectral region has been measured using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer at a resolution of 0.1
cm
−1. The sample ...temperatures and pressures varied from 311 to 363
K and from 2.8
kPa (21
Torr) to 34.5
kPa (259
Torr), respectively. The path lengths used in the study ranged from 68 to 116
m. Under these conditions, the continuum absorption in the middle of the 4
μm window is quite detectable reaching as high as 4%. The spectral processing included calculations to fit and remove the H
2O ro-vibrational structure. In the region around 5
μm, the absorption coefficients obtained are in good agreement with those of the commonly used MT_CKD continuum model. However at shorter wavelengths, the observed values significantly deviate from the model. Inspection of the present data as well as that of previous measurements leads to the conclusion that the MT_CKD model despite the latest updates significantly underestimates the rate of the continuum temperature dependence over the 4
μm atmospheric window. Line strengths for 189 H
2O transitions were obtained from the spectral processing. The deviation of these measured intensities from those listed in the HITRAN database is randomly scattered around zero to within several percents and no systematic trends were detected.
► Experimental data on the water-vapor continuum in the 4
μm region are presented. ► The data are compared with the other available data and with the continuum model. ► Disagreements are discussed.
The pure water vapour and water-nitrogen continuum absorption in the 1000 and 2500 cm(-1) atmospheric windows has been studied using a 2 m base-length White-type multi-pass cell coupled with a BOMEM ...DA3-002 Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The measurements were carried out at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, Gaithersburg, MD) over the course of several years (2004, 2006-2007, 2009). New data on the H(2)O:N(2) continuum in the 1000 cm(-1) window are presented and summarized along with the other experimental results and the continuum model. The experimental data reported on the water vapour continuum in these atmospheric windows basically agree with the most reliable laboratory data from the other sources. The MT_CKD (Mlawer-Tobin-Clough-Kneizys-Davies) continuum model significantly departs from the experimental data in both windows. The deviation observed includes the continuum magnitude, spectral behaviour and temperature dependence. In the 2500 cm(-1) region, the model does not allow for the nitrogen fundamental collision-induced absorption (CIA) band intensity enhancement caused by H(2)O:N(2) collisions and underestimates the actual absorption by over two orders of magnitude. The water vapour continuum interpretation as a typical CIA spectrum is reviewed and discussed.
California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) infected with the brain-encysting trematode Euhaplorchis californiensis display conspicuous swimming behaviours rendering them more susceptible to ...predation by avian final hosts. Heavily infected killifish grow and reproduce normally, despite having thousands of cysts inside their braincases. This suggests that E. californiensis affects only specific locomotory behaviours. We hypothesised that changes in the serotonin and dopamine metabolism, essential for controlling locomotion and arousal may underlie this behaviour modification. We employed micropunch dissection and HPLC to analyse monoamine and monoamine metabolite concentrations in the brain regions of uninfected and experimentally infected fish. The parasites exerted density-dependent changes in monoaminergic activity distinct from those exhibited by fish subjected to stress. Specifically, E. californiensis inhibited a normally occurring, stress-induced elevation of serotonergic metabolism in the raphae nuclei. This effect was particularly evident in the experimentally infected fish, whose low-density infections were concentrated on the brainstem. Furthermore, high E. californiensis density was associated with increased dopaminergic activity in the hypothalamus and decreased serotonergic activity in the hippocampus. In conclusion, the altered monoaminergic metabolism may explain behavioural differences leading to increased predation of the infected killifish by their final host predators.
This paper describes the status circa 2001, of the HITRAN compilation that comprises the public edition available through 2001. The HITRAN compilation consists of several components useful for ...radiative transfer calculation codes: high-resolution spectroscopic parameters of molecules in the gas phase, absorption cross-sections for molecules with very dense spectral features, aerosol refractive indices, ultraviolet line-by-line parameters and absorption cross-sections, and associated database management software. The line-by-line portion of the database contains spectroscopic parameters for 38 molecules and their isotopologues and isotopomers suitable for calculating atmospheric transmission and radiance properties. Many more molecular species are presented in the infrared cross-section data than in the previous edition, especially the chlorofluorocarbons and their replacement gases. There is now sufficient representation so that quasi-quantitative simulations can be obtained with the standard radiance codes.
In addition to the description and justification of new or modified data that have been incorporated since the last edition of HITRAN (1996), future modifications are indicated for cases considered to have a significant impact on remote-sensing experiments.
The valorization of biomass via photocatalysis is an area of expanding research with advances in new technologies and materials with a view toward enhanced sustainability being reported. A ...significant challenge within this field, however, is understanding the impact photocatalysis has on more recalcitrant compounds present in biomass, such as lignin. Moreover, the current state of lignin model compound research is still largely focused on the breakdown of small models containing typically only one linkage. Described herein is the use of TiO2-mediated photocatalysis for the degradation of a representative hexameric lignin model compound which contains multiple linkages (e.g., 5-5′, β-5, and β-O-4). The results revealed that while cleavage of the β-5 and β-O-4 occurred, the 5-5′ appeared to remain intact within the identified reaction intermediates. To understand some of the more fundamental questions, a dimeric compound with a biphenyl linkage was synthesized and studied under photocatalytic conditions. The proposal of intermediates and pathways of degradation based on the studies conducted is presented and discussed herein.
Absolute individual line intensities of numerous transitions of the fundamental ν
15
, ν
12
and ν
5
bands of oxirane (ethylene oxide, cyc-C
2
H
4
O) have been measured in the 750-950 cm
−1
region ...using eight high-resolution Fourier transform spectra recorded at 0.002 cm
−1
resolution and various pressures. These line intensities were least-squares fit using a theoretical model which takes into account the vibration-rotation interactions linking the upper state rotational levels and, therefore, accurate rotational expansions of the transition moments of the ν
15
, ν
12
and ν
5
vibrational bands were derived. Using the coefficients obtained in the fitting, a line list has been generated and used to perform comparisons with the present measurements. Also, comparisons with measurements taken at medium-low resolution of the ν
15
/ν
12
/ν
5
system show excellent agreement.
While studying the αβ T cell receptor repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, we found that the frequency of V$_\beta$14$^+$ T cells was significantly higher in the synovial fluid of ...affected joints than in the peripheral blood. In fact, V$_\beta$14$^+$ T cells were virtually undetectable in the peripheral blood of a majority of these RA patients. β-chain sequences indicated that one or a few clones dominated the V$_\beta$14$^+$ population in the synovial fluid of individual RA patients, whereas oligoclonality was less marked for other Vβ's and for V$_\beta$14 in other types of inflammatory arthritis. These results implicate V$_\beta$14-bearing T cells in the pathology of RA. They also suggest that the etiology of RA may involve initial activation of V$_\beta$14$^+$ T cells by a V$_\beta$14-specific superantigen with subsequent recruitment of a few activated autoreactive V$_\beta$14$^+$T cell clones to the joints while the majority of other V$_\beta$14$^+$ T cells disappear.
The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database Rothman, L.S.; Gordon, I.E.; Barbe, A. ...
Journal of quantitative spectroscopy & radiative transfer,
06/2009, Volume:
110, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper describes the status of the 2008 edition of the
HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database. The new edition is the first official public release since the 2004 edition, although a number of ...crucial updates had been made available online since 2004. The
HITRAN compilation consists of several components that serve as input for radiative-transfer calculation codes: individual line parameters for the microwave through visible spectra of molecules in the gas phase; absorption cross-sections for molecules having dense spectral features, i.e. spectra in which the individual lines are not resolved; individual line parameters and absorption cross-sections for bands in the ultraviolet; refractive indices of aerosols, tables and files of general properties associated with the database; and database management software. The line-by-line portion of the database contains spectroscopic parameters for 42 molecules including many of their isotopologues.
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