En un área en la que confluyen los intereses de la Antropología lingüística con los de la Lingüística aplicada crítica, este estudio caracteriza las ideologías lingüísticas acerca del inglés usado ...por Alexis Sánchez en su primera entrevista en esta lengua, discutiéndose cómo éstas permiten evaluar críticamente la enseñanza de inglés como lengua extranjera en Chile. Los resultados se obtuvieron mediante grupos focales y entrevistas semiestructuradas a profesores y estudiantes universitarios de inglés, y estudiantes universitarios que aprenden esta lengua como idioma instrumental. Los resultados muestran el carácter histórico y político de nociones en torno al hablante nativo, hablar bien o mal, la fluidez, el error, etc. Los hallazgos sugieren que los actores sociales evalúan el desempeño del aprendiente de inglés basados en un ideal de la comunicación y de la lengua inglesa, modelos culturales correspondientes a construcciones culturales y políticas.
Resumen Este estudio describe experiencias y percepciones sobre interculturalidad en Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) desde la perspectiva de trabajadores/as y usuarios/as de salud mapuche. Se ...realizó una sistematización cualitativa de experiencias de un Programa de Salud Intercultural en APS en una comuna urbana de Chile. Participaron 19 usuarios/as y 13 trabajadores/as en entrevistas individuales y tres entrevistas grupales, respectivamente. Se realizó un análisis de contenido semántico. Para los participantes, la salud mapuche es percibida positivamente, los/as usuarios/as la asimilan al concepto de interculturalidad, mientras que los/as trabajadores/as señalan que, si bien se respeta, no se promueve un trabajo integrado. Los/las participantes identifican como barreras aspectos administrativos, falta de integración y cuestionamientos científicos. Se requiere reconocimiento de la salud indígena y mayor formación de trabajadores/as sobre salud indígena e interculturalidad.
Abstract This study describes experiences and perceptions on interculturality in Primary Health Care (PHC) from the perspective of health workers and Mapuche health users. For this purpose, a qualitative systematization of these experiences was carried out in a PHC Intercultural Health Program at an urban commune in Chile. Data were collected by means of individual and group interviews, respectively, with 19 users and 13 professionals. The semantic content analysis was performed. While service users perceive Mapuche health positively, assimilating it to the concept of interculturality, health workers reported that Mapuche health is respected but no integrated work is promoted. As barriers, participants cited administrative aspects, lack of integration, and scientific issues. In conclusion, recognition of indigenous health and greater occupational training on indigenous health and interculturality is necessary.
How are indigenous public health policies implemented in contexts of diversity? The rural-urban migration processes that indigenous people have experienced since the mid-1990s in Latin American ...countries have affected the implementation of public policies, especially in the field of health. These processes have put pressure on ancestral practices of territorial representation, challenging traditional mechanisms that have supported western health policies. Based on a case study in urban Chile, this article examines the implementation processes of indigenous public policies in field of intercultural health. The analysis is informed by data collected from in-depth interviews with 35 key actors (Indigenous health practitioners, managers, health professionals, users, indigenous leaders), who have played a role in different stages in the implementation process of 'Indigenous Peoples Special Health Program (PESPI)'. The data points to some challenges that persist with the implementation and adaption to this policy into a Western Health Model, where indigenous practices do not always find space to develop. The data collected reveals the efforts that indigenous people make in order to maintain their traditions and practices in different territorial contexts. The findings have the potential to enrich discussion and decision-making on intercultural and or indigenous health policies in other countries experiencing similar issues.
In 1992, Chile implemented for the first time a health program for indigenous peoples, the Health Program for the Mapuche Population (PROMAP), whose objective was to provide health care with cultural ...relevance, favoring the complementarity between the indigenous medical systems and the official system The current version of this initiative - named PESPI - has managed to reach almost all the Health Services in the country with this approach. The review that the academic world has made of these experiences, based on public health or medical anthropology, has focused on the analysis of the initiatives taken in rural indigenous contexts, from the point of view of the difficulties they have had to face and the meaning of the interculturality in health that they have managed to consolidate. However, little has been said about this program in urban contexts (currently, a space which our indigenous peoples are occupying progresively) or from the point of view of the notions of interculturality in health that they imply. Considering the above, the article offers a thematic review of national and international scientific publications on the subject, a critical analysis of intercultural health programs developed in Chile and a reflection on their challenges in the framework of urban indigenous dynamics.
This article explores the relationships and tensions between ethnicity and health, describing the perspectives of various social actors on a Mapuche clinic in the context of a national health ...program. A qualitative methodology was used to carry out this case study of the Mapuche clinic “La Ruka,” located in an urban area of the Metropolitan Region of Chile. The study analyzes the narratives of traditional health practitioners (including a
machi
,
lawentuchefe
,
lonko
, and intercultural facilitator), consumers, conventional healthcare professionals, and local health authorities and community leaders who share a physical, political, and symbolic space around the Mapuche health experience. The systemization of experiences method was applied to the data, acquired through nonparticipant observation, individual interviews, and focus groups. The results suggest that this healthcare experience is highly valued by its protagonists. However, there is a tension surrounding cultural diversity programs that recognize non-Western approaches to healing, such as indigenous practices. This study examines the health-related, cultural, and political tensions involved in projecting indigenous traditions into a homogenizing space such as healthcare in a multicultural neoliberalism system.
Abstract This study describes experiences and perceptions on interculturality in Primary Health Care (PHC) from the perspective of health workers and Mapuche health users. For this purpose, a ...qualitative systematization of these experiences was carried out in a PHC Intercultural Health Program at an urban commune in Chile. Data were collected by means of individual and group interviews, respectively, with 19 users and 13 professionals. The semantic content analysis was performed. While service users perceive Mapuche health positively, assimilating it to the concept of interculturality, health workers reported that Mapuche health is respected but no integrated work is promoted. As barriers, participants cited administrative aspects, lack of integration, and scientific issues. In conclusion, recognition of indigenous health and greater occupational training on indigenous health and interculturality is necessary.
Resumen Este estudio describe experiencias y percepciones sobre interculturalidad en Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) desde la perspectiva de trabajadores/as y usuarios/as de salud mapuche. Se realizó una sistematización cualitativa de experiencias de un Programa de Salud Intercultural en APS en una comuna urbana de Chile. Participaron 19 usuarios/as y 13 trabajadores/as en entrevistas individuales y tres entrevistas grupales, respectivamente. Se realizó un análisis de contenido semántico. Para los participantes, la salud mapuche es percibida positivamente, los/as usuarios/as la asimilan al concepto de interculturalidad, mientras que los/as trabajadores/as señalan que, si bien se respeta, no se promueve un trabajo integrado. Los/las participantes identifican como barreras aspectos administrativos, falta de integración y cuestionamientos científicos. Se requiere reconocimiento de la salud indígena y mayor formación de trabajadores/as sobre salud indígena e interculturalidad.
The data correspondió the results of the qualitative phase of a study whose aim was to describe the linguistic situation of this indigenous language in Santiago de Chile in terms of its vitality and ...functionality in the city. Based on semi structured interviews to urban mapuche, participant observation in urban indigenous associations and analysis of secondary sources of information, it was possible to establish a new appreciation of Mapudungún and a rescue of its symbolic identitarian (self-defining) rather than linguistic value, which seems to be an expression of broader processes of reethnification. At the level of language production, it is possible to observe how the traditional and natural spaces for such function (community, home) are losing ground and the emergence of others (school, language workshops), typical of a non-mapuche cultural rationality. Sin embargo, los discursos recogidos muestran algo distinto: sujetos que están estructurando su identidad mapuche urbana desde otras coordenadas, donde si bien la lengua no es un elemento actualizado como instrumento para la comunicación efectiva, sí está presente como una herramienta simbólica para construir un horizonte de sentido respecto de lo que es ser "mapuche" en la ciudad, hoy. representaciones sociales sobre la lengua Los mapuches urbanos han generado una serie de representaciones sociales en torno a su lengua, en las que, a pesar de que su nivel de competencia sea nulo o muy bajo (Hasler et al. 2009), el mapudungún sigue jugando un rol central en su identidad como comunidad, razón por la cual hablar sobre su lengua es también hablar sobre su condición de mapuches urbanos.
En este artículo se describen, en el marco de la etnolingüística, las representaciones sociales que construyen mapuches urbanos y otros actores sociales del universo wingka (no mapuche), acerca del ...mapudungún. Los datos corresponden a los resultados de la fase cualitativa de un estudio cuyo objetivo fue describir la situación lingüística de esta lengua indígena en Santiago de Chile, en cuanto a su vitalidad y funcionalidad en la urbe actual. A partir de la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a mapuches urbanos, la observación participante en agrupaciones indígenas y el análisis de fuentes secundarias de información, se constató una revalorización del mapudungún y un rescate de su valor simbólico identitario antes que lingüístico, expresión de procesos mayores de reetnificación. En el ámbito de la reproducción de la lengua, se apreció la retirada de los espacios tradicionales y naturales para tal función (la comunidad, el hogar), y la emergencia de otros (escuela, talleres), característicos de una racionalidad cultural ajena, no mapuche.
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