Betty H. Landsberger reviews "The Extreme Aged in America: A Portrait of an Expanding Population," by Ira Rosenwaike with the assistance of Barbara Logue.
The Behavioral Sciences in Industry LANDSBERGER, HENRY A.
Industrial relations (Berkeley),
October 1967, Volume:
7, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
A review of major trends during the last 20 yrs in industr sociol; in industr psychol & industr soc psychol; & in the newer field of org theory. It proposes an 'interdisciplinary problemfocus' as an ...alternative avenue of progress for the future. The growth & characteristics of the approaches typified by the Harvard Business Sch, the Michigan Survey Res Center, Chicago & Ohio State in the late 1940's & early 1950's are described. The growth in the mid-1950's of res on hosp's & military & educ'al org's is considered. The efforts in the late 1950's & early 1960's to build comprehensive theories of org's (eg by A. Etzioni, Haire, J. G. March & H. Simon, T. Parsons, etc), are discussed. These efforts have not been wholely successful, both because they are recent & because there may be inherent difficulties in embracing so many problems under the roof of one theory. The values of these theoretical attempts are in no way questioned in themselves. Moreover, the specialist & advanced res'er in each of these disciplines should presumably know all that his discipline has had to say about every one of the problems facing org's (problems such as exchange & pol'al relationships with the environment, as well as internal problems of authority, etc). The nonspecialist, however, both lay & academic, might do better to take various soc'ly or operationally defined problems, & apply to them all relevant disciplines, including nonbehavioral ones such as econ's. The idea of an 'interdisciplinary problem-focus' is briefly illustrated by applying it to the analysis of poverty, selection & conflict. It is shown how econ'ts & pol'al sci'ts, as well as sociol'ts & psychol'ts, have necessarily contributed to an understanding of the sci'fic issues involved in these problem areas. AA.
ABSTRACT
The paradox of methane oversaturation in oxygenated surface water has been described in many pelagic systems and still raises the question of the source. Temora sp. and Acartia sp. commonly ...dominate the surface and subsurface waters of the central Baltic Sea. It is hypothesised that their gut microbiome at least partly contributes to the methane anomaly in this ecosystem. However, the potential pathway for this methane production remains unclear. Using a microcapillary technique, we successfully overcame the challenge of sampling the gut microbiome of copepods <1 mm. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed differences among the dominant bacterial communities associated with Temora sp. (Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriia) and Acartia sp. (Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria) and the surrounding water (Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Verrucomicrobia), but also intraspecific variability. In both copepods, gut-specific prokaryotic taxa and indicative species for methane production pathways (methanogenesis, dimethylsulfoniopropionate or methylphosphonate) were present. The relative abundance of archaea and methanogens was investigated using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and showed a high variability among copepod individuals, underlining intra- and interspecific differences in copepod-associated prokaryotic communities. Overall, this work highlights that the guts of Temora sp. and Acartia sp. have the potential for methane production but are probably no hotspot.
The guts of Baltic Sea copepods Temora sp. and Acartia sp. have the potential for methane production but are probably no hotspot.
Elevated concentrations of sodium (Nasuperscript +) and chloride (Clsuperscript -) in surface and ground water are common in the United States and other countries, and can serve as indicators of, or ...may constitute, a water quality problem. We have characterized the most prevalent natural and anthropogenic sources of Nasuperscript + and Clsuperscript - in ground water, primarily in Illinois, and explored techniques that could be used to identify their source. We considered seven potential sources that included agricultural chemicals, septic effluent, animal waste, municipal landfill leachate, sea water, basin brines, and road deicers. The halides Clsuperscript -, bromide (Brsuperscript -), and iodide (Isuperscript -) were useful indicators of the sources of Nasuperscript +-Clsuperscript - contamination. Iodide enrichment (relative to Clsuperscript -) was greatest in precipitation, followed by uncontaminated soil water and ground water, and landfill leachate. The mass ratios of the halides among themselves, with total nitrogen (N), and with Nasuperscript + provided diagnostic methods for graphically distinguishing among sources of Nasuperscript + and Clsuperscript - in contaminated water. Cl/Br ratios relative to Clsuperscript - revealed a clear, although overlapping, separation of sample groups. Samples of landfill leachate and ground water known to be contaminated by leachate were enriched in Isuperscript - and Brsuperscript -; this provided an excellent fingerprint for identifying leachate contamination. In addition, total N, when plotted against Cl/Br ratios, successfully separated water contaminated by road salt from water contaminated by other sources.
RESPONSE SET IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES LANDSBERGER, HENRY A.; SAAVEDRA, ANTONIO
Public opinion quarterly,
01/1967, Volume:
31, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This study underscores some of the difficulties encountered when using questionnaires such as the California F scale to measure attitudes of different social strata in developing countries. By means ...of a carefully devised experiment in Chile, the authors are able to show great differences in response set between social classes, in particular, that acquiescence set is far more frequent among the lower, less educated classes than among the upper classes. The authors urge extreme care in interpreting answers from low-education groups, especially to ambiguous items.
The Quick Spectral Modulation Detection (QSMD) test provides a quick and clinically implementable spectral resolution estimate for cochlear implant (CI) users. However, the original QSMD software ...(QSMD(MySound)) has technical and usability limitations that prevent widespread distribution and implementation. In this article, we introduce a new software package EasyQSMD, which is freely available software with the goal of both simplifying and standardizing spectral resolution measurements.
QSMD was measured for 20 CI users using both software packages.
No differences between the two software packages were detected, and based on the 95% confidence interval of the difference between tests, the difference between the tests is expected to be <2% points. The average test duration was under 4 minutes.
EasyQSMD is considered functionally equivalent to QSMD(MySound) providing a clinically feasible and quick estimate of spectral resolution for CI users.
The relationship between the place of electrical stimulation from a cochlear implant and the corresponding perceived pitch remains uncertain. Previous studies have estimated what the pitch ...corresponding to a particular location should be. However, perceptual verification is difficult because a subject needs both a cochlear implant and sufficient residual hearing to reliably compare electric and acoustic pitches. Additional complications can arise from the possibility that the pitch corresponding to an electrode may change as the auditory system adapts to a sound processor. In the following experiment, five subjects with normal or near-to-normal hearing in one ear and a cochlear implant with a long electrode array in the other ear were studied. Pitch matches were made between single electrode pulse trains and acoustic tones before activation of the speech processor to gain an estimate of the pitch provided by electrical stimulation at a given insertion angle without the influence of exposure to a sound processor. The pitch matches were repeated after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months of experience with the sound processor to evaluate the effect of adaptation over time. Pre-activation pitch matches were lower than would be estimated by a spiral ganglion pitch map. Deviations were largest for stimulation below 240° degrees and smallest above 480°. With experience, pitch matches shifted towards the frequency-to-electrode allocation. However, no statistically significant pitch shifts were observed over time. The likely explanation for the lack of pitch change is that the frequency-to-electrode allocations for the long electrode arrays were already similar to the pre-activation pitch matches. Minimal place pitch shifts over time suggest a minimal amount of perceptual remapping needed for the integration of electric and acoustic stimuli, which may contribute to shorter times to asymptotic performance.
•Pre-activation pitch matches deviate least from the spiral ganglion map in the apical region.•Pitch matches were fairly stable over time; no significant main effect of visit was found.•Frequency bands clinically mapped to long electrodes do not require large perceptual shifts.
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