Complex projects require specific project management (PM) competences development. However, while no complex projects have standards that are recognized to guide their management, complex projects do ...not have guides to deal with their complexity. To lead complex projects to success, this complexity must be measured quantitatively and, in our opinion, project management complexity assessment should be based on existing PM standards. In this work, the main project complexity assessment approaches based on PM standards are analyzed, observing that International Project Management Association (IPMA) approach is the closest to a tool that can be used as a complexity quantitative measurement system. On the other hand, several authors have shown that the inherent complexity of specific kind of projects must be measured in a particular way. The main objective of this research is to propose a project management complexity assessment tool for IT projects, providing a Complexity Index that measures the impact that complexity factors inherent to IT projects have under a specific complexity scenario. The tool combines the use of complexity factors defined by IPMA approach and the use of complexity factors found in the literature to manage inherent complexity of IT projects. All these factors were validated by expert survey and the tool was applied to a study case.
En éste trabajo se revisó la composición del comercio informal que se desarrolla en el espacio público del Centro Histórico de la cuidad de Manizales, Colombia durante el mes de diciembre de 2017. El ...ejercicio fue sobre todo descriptivo bajo la intención de mostrar únicamente patrones, tendencias y estructuras de la actividad comercial; para esto se aplicaron diferentes técnicas como la observación participativa, la entrevista, la construcción de redes y sinergias sociales mediante redes egocéntricas, una reconstrucción del paisaje sonoro y de niveles de ruido por indicadores sonométricos y la representación cartográfica y geo-estadística del movimiento peatonal y vehicular, además se usaron algunas técnicas coremáticas para representar las dinámicas globales del comercio en función del entorno urbano del lugar. En los resultados se advierten una serie de hechos que aparentemente determinan la localización y dinamismo del comercio informal sobre la estructura del paisaje urbano que tienen que ver con problemas estructurales de la cuidad en material social y laboral, pero también con la configuración de sinergias de la actividad y las condiciones de centralidad que determinan los mayores flujos, velocidades, tensiones y relaciones propias del centro como núcleo estructurante de la cuidad.
Summary Background Reliable and timely information on the leading causes of death in populations, and how these are changing, is a crucial input into health policy debates. In the Global Burden of ...Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010), we aimed to estimate annual deaths for the world and 21 regions between 1980 and 2010 for 235 causes, with uncertainty intervals (UIs), separately by age and sex. Methods We attempted to identify all available data on causes of death for 187 countries from 1980 to 2010 from vital registration, verbal autopsy, mortality surveillance, censuses, surveys, hospitals, police records, and mortuaries. We assessed data quality for completeness, diagnostic accuracy, missing data, stochastic variations, and probable causes of death. We applied six different modelling strategies to estimate cause-specific mortality trends depending on the strength of the data. For 133 causes and three special aggregates we used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach, which uses four families of statistical models testing a large set of different models using different permutations of covariates. Model ensembles were developed from these component models. We assessed model performance with rigorous out-of-sample testing of prediction error and the validity of 95% UIs. For 13 causes with low observed numbers of deaths, we developed negative binomial models with plausible covariates. For 27 causes for which death is rare, we modelled the higher level cause in the cause hierarchy of the GBD 2010 and then allocated deaths across component causes proportionately, estimated from all available data in the database. For selected causes (African trypanosomiasis, congenital syphilis, whooping cough, measles, typhoid and parathyroid, leishmaniasis, acute hepatitis E, and HIV/AIDS), we used natural history models based on information on incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality. We separately estimated cause fractions by aetiology for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and meningitis, as well as disaggregations by subcause for chronic kidney disease, maternal disorders, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. For deaths due to collective violence and natural disasters, we used mortality shock regressions. For every cause, we estimated 95% UIs that captured both parameter estimation uncertainty and uncertainty due to model specification where CODEm was used. We constrained cause-specific fractions within every age-sex group to sum to total mortality based on draws from the uncertainty distributions. Findings In 2010, there were 52·8 million deaths globally. At the most aggregate level, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes were 24·9% of deaths worldwide in 2010, down from 15·9 million (34·1%) of 46·5 million in 1990. This decrease was largely due to decreases in mortality from diarrhoeal disease (from 2·5 to 1·4 million), lower respiratory infections (from 3·4 to 2·8 million), neonatal disorders (from 3·1 to 2·2 million), measles (from 0·63 to 0·13 million), and tetanus (from 0·27 to 0·06 million). Deaths from HIV/AIDS increased from 0·30 million in 1990 to 1·5 million in 2010, reaching a peak of 1·7 million in 2006. Malaria mortality also rose by an estimated 19·9% since 1990 to 1·17 million deaths in 2010. Tuberculosis killed 1·2 million people in 2010. Deaths from non-communicable diseases rose by just under 8 million between 1990 and 2010, accounting for two of every three deaths (34·5 million) worldwide by 2010. 8 million people died from cancer in 2010, 38% more than two decades ago; of these, 1·5 million (19%) were from trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer. Ischaemic heart disease and stroke collectively killed 12·9 million people in 2010, or one in four deaths worldwide, compared with one in five in 1990; 1·3 million deaths were due to diabetes, twice as many as in 1990. The fraction of global deaths due to injuries (5·1 million deaths) was marginally higher in 2010 (9·6%) compared with two decades earlier (8·8%). This was driven by a 46% rise in deaths worldwide due to road traffic accidents (1·3 million in 2010) and a rise in deaths from falls. Ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lower respiratory infections, lung cancer, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of death in 2010. Ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, stroke, diarrhoeal disease, malaria, and HIV/AIDS were the leading causes of years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) in 2010, similar to what was estimated for 1990, except for HIV/AIDS and preterm birth complications. YLLs from lower respiratory infections and diarrhoea decreased by 45–54% since 1990; ischaemic heart disease and stroke YLLs increased by 17–28%. Regional variations in leading causes of death were substantial. Communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes still accounted for 76% of premature mortality in sub-Saharan Africa in 2010. Age standardised death rates from some key disorders rose (HIV/AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease in particular), but for most diseases, death rates fell in the past two decades; including major vascular diseases, COPD, most forms of cancer, liver cirrhosis, and maternal disorders. For other conditions, notably malaria, prostate cancer, and injuries, little change was noted. Interpretation Population growth, increased average age of the world's population, and largely decreasing age-specific, sex-specific, and cause-specific death rates combine to drive a broad shift from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes towards non-communicable diseases. Nevertheless, communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes remain the dominant causes of YLLs in sub-Saharan Africa. Overlaid on this general pattern of the epidemiological transition, marked regional variation exists in many causes, such as interpersonal violence, suicide, liver cancer, diabetes, cirrhosis, Chagas disease, African trypanosomiasis, melanoma, and others. Regional heterogeneity highlights the importance of sound epidemiological assessments of the causes of death on a regular basis. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Neste trabalho, foi revisada a composição do comércio informal que ocorre no espaço público do Centro Histórico da cidade de Manizales, Colômbia, durante o mês de dezembro de 2017. O exercício foi ...principalmente descritivo, com o objetivo de mostrar apenas padrões, tendências e estruturas de atividade comercial; Para isso, diferentes técnicas foram aplicadas, como observação participativa, entrevistas, construção de redes sociais e sinergias por meio de redes egocêntricas, reconstrução da paisagem sonora e dos níveis de ruído por indicadores sonométricos e representação cartográfica e geo-estatística do movimento de pedestres e veicular, além disso, algumas técnicas cinemáticas foram usadas para representar a dinâmica global do comércio, dependendo do ambiente urbano do local. Os resultados mostram uma série de fatos que aparentemente determinam a localização e o dinamismo do comércio informal sobre a estrutura da paisagem urbana, relacionada a problemas estruturais da cidade em material social e trabalhista, mas também com a configuração de sinergias da condições de atividade e centralidade que determinam os maiores fluxos, velocidades, tensões e relacionamentos do centro como núcleo estruturante da cidade.
En éste trabajo se revisó la composición del comercio informal que se desarrolla en el espacio público del Centro Histórico de la cuidad de Manizales, Colombia durante el mes de diciembre de 2017. El ejercicio fue sobre todo descriptivo bajo la intención de mostrar únicamente patrones, tendencias y estructuras de la actividad comercial; para esto se aplicaron diferentes técnicas como la observación participativa, la entrevista, la construcción de redes y sinergias sociales mediante redes egocéntricas, una reconstrucción del paisaje sonoro y de niveles de ruido por indicadores sonométricos y la representación cartográfica y geo-estadística del movimiento peatonal y vehicular, además se usaron algunas técnicas coremáticas para representar las dinámicas globales del comercio en función del entorno urbano del lugar. En los resultados se advierten una serie de hechos que aparentemente determinan la localización y dinamismo del comercio informal sobre la estructura del paisaje urbano que tienen que ver con problemas estructurales de la cuidad en material social y laboral, pero también con la configuración de sinergias de la actividad y las condiciones de centralidad que determinan los mayores flujos, velocidades, tensiones y relaciones propias del centro como núcleo estructurante de la cuidad.
In this work, the composition of the informal trade that takes place in the public space of the Historic Center of the city of Manizales, Colombia during the month of December 2017 was reviewed. The exercise was mainly descriptive with the intention of showing only patterns, trends and commercial activity structures; For this, different techniques were applied, such as participatory observation, interviewing, the construction of social networks and synergies through egocentric networks, a reconstruction of the sound landscape and noise levels by sonometric indicators and the cartographic and geostatistical representation of the pedestrian movement and vehicular, in addition some kinematic techniques were used to represent the global dynamics of commerce depending on the urban environment of the place. The results show a series of facts that apparently determine the location and dynamism of informal commerce on the structure of the urban landscape that have to do with structural problems of the city in social and labor material, but also with the configuration of synergies of the activity and centrality conditions that determine the greater flows, speeds, tensions and relationships of the center as a structuring core of the city.
•A subcritical nuclear reactor with Th-based fuel was designed.•The design was carried out with Monte Carlo methods.•Reactor has graphite as moderator and 252Cf as startup source.•The keff, neutron ...spectra, and H∗(10) were estimated.
Using Monte Carlo methods a heterogeneous subcritical nuclear reactor was designed. The reactor is a 110cm-side cube with thorium-based molten salt as fuel, the moderator is graphite and the startup neutron source is 252Cf. It has ducts to hold the source, the fuel and for irradiation. In the design the keff was estimated, varying the ducts features and fuel. For the final design, with Th-based salt, the neutron spectra and the ambient dose equivalent due to neutrons, the neutron amplification and the reactor power, were estimated using fresh and burned fuel conditions.
Piedra, papel y pixel Sepúlveda Cardona, Edwin Andrés; Suárez Quiceno, Carlos
2020., 2020
eBook
Open access
Este libro recoge conceptos y experiencias alrededor de la producción de libros digitales en Colombia. En gran parte se basa en la producción digital del grupo de investigación Urbanitas de la ...Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, pero también integra otros actores como El Sistema de Bibliotecas Públicas de Medellín, un ganador del Premio Crea Digital y experiencias de aula que hacen de esta obra un documento representativo para la comprensión del ecosistema de los libros digitales en los últimos años. La obra se divide en dos partes: conceptualización y experiencias. La primera parte enfoca los principales temas que se han planteado sobre la textualidad digital, y la segunda presenta cuatro experiencias, estrategias de creación, implementación y distribución de libros digitales en nuestro medio. En suma, este documento aspira a registrar un momento importante en la historia del libro digital en Colombia.
The use of sensors in different applications to improve the monitoring of a process and its variables is required as it enables information to be obtained directly from the process by ensuring its ...quality. This is now possible because of the advances in the fabrication of sensors and the development of equipment with a high processing capability. These elements enable the development of portable smart systems that can be used directly in the monitoring of the process and the testing of variables, which, in some cases, must evaluated by laboratory tests to ensure high-accuracy measurement results. One of these processes is taste recognition and, in general, the classification of liquids, where electronic tongues have presented some advantages compared with traditional monitoring because of the time reduction for the analysis, the possibility of online monitoring, and the use of strategies of artificial intelligence for the analysis of the data. However, although some methods and strategies have been developed, it is necessary to continue in the development of strategies that enable the results in the analysis of the data from electrochemical sensors to be improved. In this way, this paper explores the application of an electronic tongue system in the classification of liquor beverages, which was directly applied to an alcoholic beverage found in specific regions of Colombia. The system considers the use of eight commercial sensors and a data acquisition system with a machine-learning-based methodology developed for this aim. Results show the advantages of the system and its accuracy in the analysis and classification of this kind of alcoholic beverage.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Los objetos WEB son cacheados en los proxies (caches WEB) reemplazando objetos grandes por muchos objetos pequeños, esto hace que ...las tasas de aciertos se vean afectadas en función del tamaño de los objetos que cachean, en este documento se evalúa experimentalmente como una jerarquía de proxies puede mejorar las tasas de aciertos.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- ES La medida de la complejidad en proyectos es una cuestión ampliamente estudiada en la literatura desde distintos enfoques que ...tienen en cuenta el tipo de proyecto, el sector industrial en el que se realizan y que destacan características y elementos que identifican un proyecto complejo. Se han realizado numerosos estudios que evidencian la importancia de medir la complejidad sin que haya un marco común que reúna todos los factores que deben ser tenidos en cuenta a la hora de medir la complejidad de los proyectos. El presente trabajo se contextualiza en los tipos de herramientas disponibles para medir la complejidad en proyectos, describiendo las ventajas y desventajas de los diferentes métodos encontrados actualmente. En una segunda fase de éste, se propone una herramienta para mejorar la evaluación de proyectos de Tecnologías de la Información y Software, analizando los factores que influyen específicamente en la complejidad de este tipo de proyectos. A través de encuestas realizadas a Directores y miembros del equipo de proyectos de Tecnologías de la Información y Software, se validará la propuesta realizada para introducir una herramienta llamada ¿Snapshot¿ que permita evaluar la complejidad de estos proyectos basada en la evaluación que se realiza a los aspirantes a la certificación IPMA nivel B. En la fase final del trabajo, se implementará la herramienta ¿Snapshot¿ a un caso de estudio, haciendo que Directores de Proyectos experimentados hagan la evaluación del proyecto del caso de estudio, para inferir si el proyecto es complejo o no y analizar los factores que han promovido ese resultado.- EN The purpose of this document is to provide a brief review about state of the art of the complexity assessment focused on project management. The next part of the document is meant to propose a new project assessment methodology called “Snapshot” based on projects experience, the opinion of IT experts and guidance of IPMAi members. Last part will be focus on applying the “Snapshot” methodology to a specific IT banking project. Nowadays, project managers are not able to identify purely a “complex” situation; when things are wrong on the project deliverables, it is easy blame stakeholders due to a lack of competencies (failing on requirements, planning, objectives, risk management, results, etc.) or just saying that issues are due to a complex environment. Main idea on complexity assessment is to allow project managers and companies to really identify if a project require certain level of skills or follow up; complexity assessment will help to conduct sudden changes or interactions into benefit. When “standard” management it is not enough to work with projects, a complexity management framework could be the answer to achieve the project success. It will be concluded that the complex project management requires a proper complexity snapshot measure, to decide and infer the best way to continue project stages.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
A nonlinear feature extraction-based approach using manifold learning algorithms is developed in order to improve the classification accuracy in an electronic tongue sensor array. The developed ...signal processing methodology is composed of four stages: data unfolding, scaling, feature extraction, and classification. This study aims to compare seven manifold learning algorithms: Isomap, Laplacian Eigenmaps, Locally Linear Embedding (LLE), modified LLE, Hessian LLE, Local Tangent Space Alignment (LTSA), and t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) to find the best classification accuracy in a multifrequency large-amplitude pulse voltammetry electronic tongue. A sensitivity study of the parameters of each manifold learning algorithm is also included. A data set of seven different aqueous matrices is used to validate the proposed data processing methodology. A leave-one-out cross validation was employed in 63 samples. The best accuracy (96.83%) was obtained when the methodology uses Mean-Centered Group Scaling (MCGS) for data normalization, the t-SNE algorithm for feature extraction, and k-nearest neighbors (kNN) as classifier.
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