Kin recognition is an important mediator of interactions within individuals of a species. Despite increasing evidence of kin recognition in natural plant populations, relatively little is known about ...kin recognition in crop species where numerous cultivars have been generated by artificial selection.
We identified rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars with the ability for kin recognition from two sets of indica-inbred and indica-hybrid lines at different levels of genetic relatedness. We then assessed this ability among kin and nonkin and tested potential mechanisms in a series of controlled experiments and field trails.
Rice cultivars with the ability for kin recognition were capable of detecting the presence of kin and nonkin and responded to them by altering root behavior and biomass allocation, particularly for grain yield. Furthermore, we assessed the role of root exudates and found a root-secreted nitrogen-rich allantoin component to be responsible for kin recognition in rice lines.
Kin recognition in rice lines mediated by root exudates occurs in a cultivar-dependent manner. Rice cultivars with the ability for kin recognition may increase grain yield in the presence of kin. Such an improvement of grain yield by kin recognition of cultivar mixtures offers many implications and applications in rice production.
Summary
The production of defensive metabolites in plants can be induced by signaling chemicals released by neighboring plants. Induction is mainly known from volatile aboveground signals, with ...belowground signals and their underlying mechanisms largely unknown.
We demonstrate that (−)‐loliolide triggers defensive metabolite responses to competitors, herbivores, and pathogens in seven plant species. We further explore the transcriptional responses of defensive pathways to verify the signaling role of (−)‐loliolide in wheat and rice models with well‐known defensive metabolites and gene systems.
In response to biotic and abiotic stressors, (−)‐loliolide is produced and secreted by roots. This, in turn, induces the production of defensive compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, benzoxazinoids, and cyanogenic glycosides, regardless of plant species. (−)‐Loliolide also triggers the expression of defense‐related genes, accompanied by an increase in the concentration of jasmonic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Transcriptome profiling and inhibitor incubation indicate that (−)‐loliolide‐induced defense responses are regulated through pathways mediated by jasmonic acid, H2O2, and Ca 2+.
These findings argue that (−)‐loliolide functions as a common belowground signal mediating chemical defense in plants. Such perception‐dependent plant chemical defenses will yield critical insights into belowground signaling interactions.
See also the Commentary on this article by Frost, 238: 1749–1751.
Disordered hyperuniform structures are locally random while uniform like crystals at large length scales. Recently, an exotic hyperuniform fluid state was found in several nonequilibrium systems, ...while the underlying physics remains unknown. In this work, we propose a nonequilibrium (driven-dissipative) hardsphere model and formulate a hydrodynamic theory based on Navier–Stokes equations to uncover the general mechanism of the fluidic hyperuniformity (HU). At a fixed density, this model system undergoes a smooth transition from an absorbing state to an active hyperuniform fluid and then, to the equilibrium fluid by changing the dissipation strength. We study the criticality of the absorbing-phase transition. We find that the origin of fluidic HU can be understood as the damping of a stochastic harmonic oscillator in q space, which indicates that the suppressed long-wavelength density fluctuation in the hyperuniform fluid can exhibit as either acoustic (resonance) mode or diffusive (overdamped) mode. Importantly, our theory reveals that the damping dissipation and active reciprocal interaction (driving) are the two ingredients for fluidic HU. Based on this principle, we further demonstrate how to realize the fluidic HU in an experimentally accessible active spinner system and discuss the possible realization in other systems.
In order to improve students’ learning effect, more and more universities favor foreign language teachers who are native speakers of English. Based on the analysis and summary of the research status ...of emotion recognition, this paper proposes that, in college English classroom teaching, foreign language teachers can reduce the communication barriers with Chinese students through emotion recognition. Based on literature review and actual situation investigation, this study identified four influencing factors on emotion recognition of foreign language teachers, namely, interactive action, facial expression, vocal emotion, and body posture. In our opinion, in the teaching process, teachers can adjust the four factors of emotion recognition to achieve better teaching effect. Further, improve students’ learning efficiency. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is chosen as the research method in this study. After building the analysis model, we collected the questionnaire using the Questionnaire Star, and finally got 12 valid data. After determining the importance of different factors by pairwise comparison, we draw the following conclusions: the influence degree of emotion recognition factors of foreign language teachers is in descending order, interactive action (43%), facial expression (28%), vocal emotion (21%), and body posture (9%). Our research adds to the body of knowledge on emotion recognition among college English teachers. Furthermore, this research assists students in improving their grasp of course content based on the emotions of foreign English lecturers. Based on the findings, we recommend that foreign language teachers in college English classrooms alter their interactive behaviors, facial expressions, and vocal emotions in response to various instructional materials and emphases.
Abstract
Given the failure of reverse cut-off seal performance in the test process of the check valve, the fault location and mechanism analysis were carried out, and the improvement measures were ...proposed and verified by the test. It is analyzed that the main reason for the failure is the unreasonable design of the moving pair and the welding position of the check valve, which makes the sealing pair cannot fit effectively after the welding of the check valve, leading to the failure of the reverse cut-off seal. By controlling the ratio of the length of the guide surface to the diameter of the guide surface to 1.25, and controlling the distance between the welding position and the sealing pair to 10mm, the failure problem of the reverse cut-off seal of the check valve caused by the unreasonable design of the moving pair and the weld position is successfully solved. The effectiveness of the improved scheme of the check valve is verified by the test.
Most visual system functions, such as opsin gene expression, retinal neural transmission, light perception, and visual sensitivity, display robust day-night rhythms. The rhythms persist in constant ...lighting conditions, suggesting the involvement of endogenous circadian clocks. While the circadian pacemakers that control the rhythms of animal behaviors are mostly found in the forebrain and midbrain, self-sustained circadian oscillators are also present in the neural retina, where they play important roles in the regulation of circadian vision. This review highlights some of the correlative studies of the circadian control of visual system functions in zebrafish. Because zebrafish maintain a high evolutionary proximity to mammals, the findings from zebrafish research may provide insights for a better understanding of the mechanisms of circadian vision in other vertebrate species including humans.
•Recent breakthroughs which changed our views on SMMs are highlighted.•The latest advances of this challenging field in China were emphasized.•Synthetic strategies to design high-performance SMMs are ...demonstrated.•Directions to which further efforts should be focused in the field are discussed.
The discovery of the first example of lanthanide-based single molecule magnets (Ln-SMMs), a revolutionary progress, marked the beginning of a new age for SMMs, has greatly inspired researchers to invest their efforts in the design of high-performance SMMs by introducing lanthanide ions, especially dysprosium ions. Lanthanide ions have always been considered as excellent candidates to construct single-molecule magnets for high-density data storage and quantum calculation. Impressive progress has been made in field of Ln-SMMs where synthetic chemists have played a major role through producing suitable systems for detailed study by physicists and materials scientists. In this review, some recent breakthroughs changing the perspective of the field will be highlighted with special emphasis on the synthetic efforts made in this fascinating and challenging field. Their findings on the elucidation of relaxation dynamics and the synthetic strategies towards high-performance Ln-SMMs provide valuable insights required to optimize the contribution of an Ising type spin to a molecular magnet and indicate the directions to which further synthetic efforts should be focused.
We describe a photoinduced copper‐catalyzed asymmetric radical decarboxylative alkynylation of bench‐stable N‐hydroxyphthalimide(NHP)‐type esters of racemic alkyl carboxylic acids with terminal ...alkynes, which provides a flexible platform for the construction of chiral C(sp3)−C(sp) bonds. Critical to the success of this process are not only the use of the copper catalyst as a dual photo‐ and cross‐coupling catalyst but also tuning of the NHP‐type esters to inhibit the facile homodimerization of the alkyl radical and terminal alkyne, respectively. Owing to the use of stable and easily available NHP‐type esters, the reaction features a broader substrate scope compared with reactions using the alkyl halide counterparts, covering (hetero)benzyl‐, allyl‐, and aminocarbonyl‐substituted carboxylic acid derivatives, and (hetero)aryl and alkyl as well as silyl alkynes, thus providing a vital complementary approach to the previously reported method.
Two in one: A photoinduced asymmetric radical decarboxylative alkynylation of bench‐stable racemic carboxylic acid derivatives with easily available terminal alkynes provides expedient access to diverse enantioenriched alkynes. The chiral copper catalyst serves as a dual photo‐ and cross‐coupling catalyst to achieve stereocontrol over the highly reactive prochiral alkyl radical intermediates.
In the two decades since their initial discovery, DNA vaccines technologies have come a long way. Unfortunately, when applied to human subjects inadequate immunogenicity is still the biggest ...challenge for practical DNA vaccine use. Many different strategies have been tested in preclinical models to address this problem, including novel plasmid vectors and codon optimization to enhance antigen expression, new gene transfection systems or electroporation to increase delivery efficiency, protein or live virus vector boosting regimens to maximise immune stimulation, and formulation of DNA vaccines with traditional or molecular adjuvants. Better understanding of the mechanisms of action of DNA vaccines has also enabled better use of the intrinsic host response to DNA to improve vaccine immunogenicity. This review summarizes recent advances in DNA vaccine technologies and related intracellular events and how these might impact on future directions of DNA vaccine development.
Single‐molecule toroics (SMTs), defined as a type of molecules with toroidal arrangement of magnetic moment associated with bi‐stable non‐magnetic ground states, are promising candidates for ...high‐density information storage and the development of molecule based multiferroic materials with linear magneto–electric coupling and multiferroic behavior. The design and synthesis of SMTs by arranging the magnetic anisotropy axis in a circular pattern at the molecular level have been of great interest to scientists for last two decades since the first detection of the SMT behavior in the seminal Dy3 molecules. DyIII ion has long been the ideal candidate for constructing SMTs due to its Kramer ion nature as well as high anisotropy. Nevertheless, other LnIII ions such as TbIII and HoIII ions, as well as some paramagnetic transition metal ions, have also been used to construct many nontraditional SMTs. Therefore, we review the progress in the studies of SMTs based on the nontraditional perspective, ranging from the 3D topological to 1D&2D&3D polymeric SMTs, and 3d–4f to non Dy‐based SMTs. We hope the understanding we provide about nontraditional SMTs will be helpful in designing novel SMTs.
Based on the nontraditional perspective, the exciting advances of SMTs are reviewed ranging from the 3D topological to 1D&2D&3D polymeric SMTs, and 3d–4f to non Dy‐based SMTs. The understanding of key design principles and the outlook on nontraditional SMTs will contribute to the design of novel SMTs.
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