The nano-metric cutting process of single-crystal SiO2 was studied using molecular dynamics simulation, where the effects of anisotropy on material removal and surface integrity were analyzed. The ...typical crystal directions on different crystal planes of SiO2 were selected as cutting directions. The results show that the chip formation, temperature distribution in the machined area, cutting force, phase transformation and damage layer thickness vary according to the cutting direction. The crystal orientation of (110) 00−1 exhibits a large range of damage expansion while (110) 1−10 exhibits the smallest range. In addition, the radial distribution function results show that SiO2 workpieces cut in different directions vary in crystal phase type and content to some degree, while a new phase is produced in the cutting direction of (111) −101. Therefore, the anisotropy of the selection of crystal planes and crystal directions is of great significance for the nano-metric cutting of SiO2 to obtain quality machined surfaces of SiO2.
With the rapid growth of the electric vehicles (EVs) market all over the world, wireless power transfer (WPT), as an emerging way of charging batteries, has drawn the attention of researchers, ...manufactures, and customers recently. Various magnetic coupler configurations, which are essential in WPT systems, have been proposed and analyzed. However, the misalignment tolerances of the existing magnetic couplers are pretty small, which results in a remarkable decrease in the transmission power and efficiency when there is misalignment between two coupling coils. In order to solve this problem, novel quadrature coils and a converting circuit are proposed, which could adjust the coupler structure according to the relative position of the coils on both sides so that the transmission power and efficiency are optimal. The structure of quadrature coils is first optimized with a three-dimensional finite element analysis (3-D FEA) tool ANSYS MAXWELL. On the basis of the optimized parameters, a 3.5 kW WPT experiment platform is constructed. When the horizontal misalignment reaches 150 mm, the input and output power is 2.256 kW and 2.126 kW respectively, thus an efficiency of 94.22% is achieved. The experimental results verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
Hotspots in traction motors of electric vehicles are normally considered to locate in end windings due to the loose packaging and no access to iron cores for heat dissipation. To ensure safety, end ...winding temperatures are typically monitored by thermocouples in thermal management systems for real-time cooling control. However, the authors’ study finds that slot winding temperatures will exceed end winding temperatures under high-speed operations due to the much higher additional loss caused by the alternating flux. Hence, the thermocouple would underestimate the actual peak temperature in electric machines, causing insufficient cooling and potential damage to insulations. For cost savings, additional thermocouples monitoring slot winding temperatures are usually not equipped in the automotive industry. To calibrate the peak temperature of windings, this study proposes an innovative approach based on the thermo-magnetic model of the traction motor, which provides the estimated slot winding temperatures only using the end winding sensors. As a result, the proposed method can provide much accurate peak temperatures for the thermal management system. Experimental tests validate the performance of the proposed method in improving the accuracy of hotspot monitoring.
The nano-metric cutting process of single-crystal SiO
2
was studied using molecular dynamics simulation, where the effects of anisotropy on material removal and surface integrity were analyzed. The ...typical crystal directions on different crystal planes of SiO
2
were selected as cutting directions. The results show that the chip formation, temperature distribution in the machined area, cutting force, phase transformation and damage layer thickness vary according to the cutting direction. The crystal orientation of (110) 00−1 exhibits a large range of damage expansion while (110) 1−10 exhibits the smallest range. In addition, the radial distribution function results show that SiO
2
workpieces cut in different directions vary in crystal phase type and content to some degree, while a new phase is produced in the cutting direction of (111) −101. Therefore, the anisotropy of the selection of crystal planes and crystal directions is of great significance for the nano-metric cutting of SiO
2
to obtain quality machined surfaces of SiO
2
.
The nano-metric cutting process of single-crystal SiO 2 was studied using molecular dynamics simulation, where the effects of anisotropy on material removal and surface integrity were analyzed. The ...typical crystal directions on different crystal planes of SiO 2 were selected as cutting directions. The results show that the chip formation, temperature distribution in the machined area, cutting force, phase transformation and damage layer thickness vary according to the cutting direction. The crystal orientation of (110) 00−1 exhibits a large range of damage expansion while (110) 1−10 exhibits the smallest range. In addition, the radial distribution function results show that SiO 2 workpieces cut in different directions vary in crystal phase type and content to some degree, while a new phase is produced in the cutting direction of (111) −101. Therefore, the anisotropy of the selection of crystal planes and crystal directions is of great significance for the nano-metric cutting of SiO 2 to obtain quality machined surfaces of SiO 2 .
Individuals at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders display abnormalities related to motivational salience, or the ability of stimuli to elicit attention due to associations with rewards or ...punishments. However, the nature of these abnormalities is unclear because most focus on responses to stimuli from broad "pleasant" and "unpleasant" categories and ignore the variation of motivational salience within these categories. In two groups at risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders-a Social Anhedonia group and a Psychotic-like Experiences group-and a control group, the current study examined event-related potential components sensitive to motivational salience-the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN), reflecting earlier selective attention, and the Late Positive Potential (LPP), reflecting sustained attention. Compared to controls, the Social Anhedonia group showed smaller increases in the EPN in response to erotica and smaller increases in the LPP as the motivational salience of pleasant images increased (exciting<affiliative<erotica). In contrast, the Psychotic-like Experiences group had larger increases in LPP amplitudes as the motivational salience of pleasant images increased. Also, both at-risk groups showed larger increases in the LPP to threatening images but smaller increases to mutilation images. These findings suggest that examining abnormalities beyond those associated with broad categories may be a way to identify mechanisms of dysfunction.
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare mesenchymal tumors with unpredictable evolution and with a recurrence or metastasis rate of 10-40%. Current medical treatments for relapsed SFTs ...remain ineffective. Here, we identify potential therapeutic targets and risk factors, including
IDH1
p.R132S, high PD-L1 expression, and predominant macrophage infiltration, suggesting the potential benefits of combinational immune therapy and targeted therapy for SFTs. An integrated risk model incorporating mitotic count, density of Ki-67+ cells and CD163+ cells,
MTOR
mutation is developed, applying a discovery cohort of 101 primary non-CNS patients with negative tumor margins (NTM) and validated in three independent cohorts of 210 SFTs with the same criteria, and in 36 primary CNS SFTs with NTM. Compared with the existing models, our model shows significantly improved efficacy in identifying high-risk primary non-CNS and CNS SFTs with NTM for tumor progression.Our findings hold promise for advancing therapeutic strategies and refining risk prediction in SFTs.
Evidence suggests that individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) report anticipatory pleasure deficits compared to controls and that these deficits are linked to decreased motivation to engage socially. ...However, these deficits have been identified via self-report measures of hypothetical pleasant stimuli, leaving it unclear whether they exist in reference to actual social situations. To address this issue, we created a live social interaction that minimized the reliance of higher-order cognitive processes. SZ and control participants were told that they would be playing an "enjoyable sharing game" with another study participant (who was actually a confederate) that involved asking and answering questions (36 interpersonal closeness generation questions; Aron et al., 1997). Participants then reported their current mood and the emotions they anticipated experiencing during the pleasant social interaction. Immediately following the interaction, they reported their experienced emotions. We found that the SZ group anticipated more negative emotion (d = 1.0), but were less accurate in forecasting negative emotion (d = .81), than controls, and these effects were large. There were small, non-significant group differences in anticipation, experience, and accuracy in forecasting of positive emotion (all ds < .29). Also, social anhedonia was positively correlated with anticipated negative affect and negatively associated with experienced positive emotion. At the same time, controls reported finding the interaction to be a more positive emotional experience overall, d = 0.75. This is the first study to show that "anticipatory pleasure deficits" in SZ might actually be heightened anticipated negative emotion and that inaccurate forecasting could be linked to decreased social motivation.
Motivational abnormalities represent a key area of dysfunction in individuals with, or at risk for, schizophrenia and severely limit broad domains of functioning in these populations. The aberrant ...salience hypothesis posits that motivational abnormalities are the result of an over-attribution of salience to nonpleasurable stimuli but an under-attribution of salience to pleasurable ones. Consequently, people “want” what they do not “like” but do not “want” what they “like.” However, it is unclear how this hypothesis manifests in schizophrenia risk beyond monetary rewards. The current research provided a multimodal investigation of the aberrant salience hypothesis in people with elevated psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) who are at risk for developing psychosis. Study 1 examined the link between liking and incentive salience using a neurobiological indicator of incentive salience (contingent negative variation/CNV) in 23 PLEs and 21 Control participants. The PLEs group showed diminished CNV reactivity to pleasant (vs. neutral) social images, which was driven by an augmented response to neutral stimuli. Study 2 examined liking, incentive salience, and conscious wanting experience using a psychological indicator of incentive salience (positive spontaneous thoughts/PSTs) in 38 PLEs and 246 Control participants. The PLEs group showed diminished correspondence between liking, PSTs, and conscious wanting across diverse reward contexts. Collectively, individuals with PLEs over-attribute salience to neutral stimuli and, to a lesser degree, under-attribute salience to rewards. Findings of the current research support abnormal salience attribution as a trait-like feature implicated in the pathophysiology and development of schizophrenia and provide valuable insights on research and treatment of this illness.
Background
Exosomal PD-L1 (exoPD-L1) could induce immunosuppression functionally, thus impairing patients’ survival in melanoma, NSCLC, and gastric cancer. However, no evidence demonstrates the ...feasibility of circulating exoPD-L1 and soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) as biomarkers for prognosis and early recurrence in colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) patients following hepatectomy or their association with T cell infiltration at liver metastases.
Methods
In cohort 1, exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 were preoperatively tested using ELISA. CD3, CD8, granzyme B (GB) and PD1 expressed at liver metastases were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. In cohort 2, exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 were detected at baseline, before hepatectomy, after hepatectomy, and after disease progression.
Results
In cohort 1, higher preoperative exoPD-L1 or sPD-L1 significantly impaired RFS (exoPD-L1,
P
= 0.0043; sPD-L1,
P
= 0.0041) and OS (exoPD-L1,
P
= 0.0034; sPD-L1,
P
= 0.0061). Furthermore, preoperative exoPD-L1 was negatively correlated with CD3 + T-lymphocytes infiltrated at tumor center (CT), and GB and PD1 were expressed at tumor invasive margin (IM). Preoperative sPD-L1 was negatively correlated with CD3 + and CD8 + T-lymphocytes’ infiltration at IM and CT, GB and PD1 expression at IM. In cohort 2, exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 levels decreased following hepatectomy but increased when tumor progressed. Moreover, higher postoperative exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 or a small reduction in exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 levels after hepatectomy suggested higher early recurrence rate.
Conclusions
Both preoperative exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 had promising prognostic values and were associated with T cell infiltration at liver metastases in CRLM patients following hepatectomy. Dynamically tracking exoPD-L1 and sPD-L1 levels could monitor disease status and detect early recurrence.
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