Owing to their significant physiological functions, especially as selective relays for translocation of physiological relevant species through cellular membranes, natural ion channels play important ...role in the living organisms. During the last decades, the field of self‐assembled ion channels has been continuously developed. Convergent multidimensional self‐assembly strategies have been used for the synthesis of unimolecular channels or non‐covalent self‐organized channels, designed to mimic natural ion channel proteins and for which a rich array of interconverting or adaptive channel conductance states can be observed. In this review, we give an overview on the development of various self‐assembled artificial channels in a bottom‐up approach, especially their design, self‐assembly behaviour, transport activity in lipid bilayer membranes, mechanism of transport and comparison with natural ion channels. Finally, we discuss their applications, the potential challenges facing in this field as well as future development and perspectives.
This Review gives an overview of the various types of supramolecular self‐assembled artificial ion‐channels: capsules and cages, macrocyclic stacks, tubular helical architectures.
During the past several years, abundant progresses has been made in the development of immobilized oxidative enzymes with focus on finding new support materials, improving the immobilization methods ...and their applications. Nowadays, immobilized oxidative enzymes are broadly accepted as a green way to face the challenge of high amounts of micropollutants in nature. Among all oxidative enzymes, laccases and horseradish peroxidase were used frequently in recent years as they are general oxidative enzymes with ability to oxidize various types of compounds. Immobilized laccase or horseradish peroxidase are showed better stability, and reusability as well as easy separation from reaction mixture that make them more favorable and economic in compared to free enzymes. However, additional improvements are still essential such as: development of the new materials for immobilization with higher capacity, easy preparation, and cheaper price. Moreover, immobilization methods are still need improving to become more efficient and avoid enzyme wasting during immobilization and enzyme leakage through working cycles.
•Current status of immobilized oxidative enzymes for micropollutants bioremediation.•Immobilized enzymes vs. free enzymes for micropollutants degradation.•Micropollutants bioremediation by immobilized enzymes from analytical points of view.
A
bstract
With the hypothesis of minimal flavor violation, we find that there exists a power-aligned relation between the Yukawa couplings of the two scalar doublets in the two-Higgs-doublet model ...with Hermitian Yukawa matrices. Within such a power-aligned framework, it is found that a simultaneous explanation of the anomalies observed in the electron and muon anomalous magnetic moments can be reached with TeV-scale quasi-degenerate Higgs masses, and the resulting parameter space is also phenomenologically safer under the B-physics,
Z
and
τ
decay data, as well as the current LHC bounds. Furthermore, the flavor-universal power that enhances the charged-lepton Yukawa couplings prompts an interesting correlation between the two anomalies, which makes the model distinguishable from the (generalized) linearly aligned and the lepton-specific two-Higgs-doublet models that address the same anomalies but in a non-correlative manner, and hence testable by future precise measurements.
Hydrocolloids are among the most commonly used ingredients in the food industry. They function as thickeners, gelling agents, emulsifiers, stabilizers, fat replacers, clarifying agents, flocculating ...agents, clouding agents and whipping agents; additionally, they have applications in the areas of edible films, encapsulating flavors and crystallization inhibition. Besides, hydrocolloids are currently being found to have many increasing applications in the health realm: they provide low-calorie dietary fiber, among many other uses. This review focuses on the trends and progress in the exploration of hydrocolloids to fit the demands for different food products, gives an encyclopedic description of their applications in the food industry as ingredients, food additives and health promoters. Since the use of hydrocolloids is on the rise in many fields, this review that covers both functionality and nutrition of hydrocolloids in foods is both timely and of great interest.
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•The definition of hydrocolloids was put forward.•The comprehensive classification of hydrocolloids was proposed.•The functional properties of hydrocolloids were summarized.•The nutritional effects of hydrocolloids were listed.
•Recent advances in sensing technologies for detection of phenolic compounds.•Optical detection of phenolic compounds.•Oxidation mechanism of phenolic compounds.•Immobilization methods for ...biosensors.•Application of sensors for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis.
Phenolic compounds are bioactive natural products of considerable interest in pharmaceuticals and biomedicines. Due to their bioactive functions, phenolic compounds have received increasing attention in recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new and advanced analytical methods for determination of phenolic compounds in relation to pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. However, in majority, their detection has been largely conducted by sensitive yet bulky and expensive laboratory instruments, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with those laboratory scale instruments, the advanced sensing technologies are extremely attractive due to the advantages of their low cost, time saving, user-friendly, simplified sample pre-treatment, high sensitivity, and excellent selectivity. The aim of this review is to provide critical information on the advanced sensing technologies for detecting phenolic compounds, with emphasis on optical sensors, electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Besides, the present status, critical issues and future trends of the related sensing technologies are outlined.
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed for high-sensitivity structural determination of carbohydrates. Due to the similarity of oligosaccharide structures, there is still insufficient information ...about the correlation between carbohydrate chemical structure and mass spectra. A series of trisaccharides containing different glycosidic linkages (1→2, 1→3, 1→4, 1→6, 2→1 and 2→6), anomeric configuration (α and β), and monosaccharide (pentose, hexose and hexuronic acid), as well as two cyclodextrins (α- and β-cyclodextrin) were systematically investigated using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF MS) in positive and negative ion modes using super-DHB (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid) and harmine hydrochloride as matrices, respectively. Cross-ring cleavage generated by A-types ions with neutral losses of 48, 60, 78, 90, or 120 Da were observed in the negative ion MS/MS spectra, and neutral losses of 60, 90, or 120 Da were observed in the positive ion MS/MS spectra. Glycosidic cleavages were observed in both modes. The linkage isomers were unambiguously identified by those diagnostic fragment ions with their relative intensities. Furthermore, the correlation between linkage pattern and characteristic ions successfully allowed the characterization of polysaccharides with different structural features.
Abstract In the early universe, Dirac neutrino magnetic moments due to their chirality-flipping nature could lead to thermal production of right-handed neutrinos, which would make a significant ...contribution to the effective neutrino number, N eff. We present in this paper a dedicated computation of the neutrino chirality-flipping rate in the thermal plasma. With a careful and consistent treatment of soft scattering and the plasmon effect in finite temperature field theories, we find that neutrino magnetic moments above 2.7 × 10 −12 μ B have been excluded by current CMB and BBN measurements of N eff, assuming flavor-universal and diagonal magnetic moments for all three generation of neutrinos. This limit is stronger than the latest bounds from XENONnT and LUX-ZEPLIN experiments and comparable with those from stellar cooling considerations.
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