To trace the evolution process of CPV-2, all of the VP2 gene sequences of CPV-2 and FPV (from 1978 to 2015) from GenBank were analyzed in this study. Then, several new ideas regarding CPV-2 evolution ...were presented. First, the VP2 amino acid 555 and 375 positions of CPV-2 were first ruled out as a universal mutation site in CPV-2a and amino acid 101 position of FPV feature I or T instead of only I in existing rule. Second, the recently confusing nomenclature of CPV-2 variants was substituted with a optional nomenclature that would serve future CPV-2 research. Third, After check the global distribution of variants, CPV-2a is the predominant variant in Asia and CPV-2c is the predominant variant in Europe and Latin America. Fourth, a series of CPV-2-like strains were identified and deduced to evolve from modified live vaccine strains. Finally, three single VP2 mutation (F267Y, Y324I, and T440A) strains were caught concern. Furthermore, these three new VP2 mutation strains may be responsible for vaccine failure, and the strains with VP2 440A may become the novel CPV sub-variant. In conclusion, a summary of all VP2 sequences provides a new perspective regarding CPV-2 evolution and the correlative biological studies needs to be further performed.
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•Laiyang Sag was influenced by an extreme dry and hot climate during the early Aptian.•In the early depositional stage of the Shuinan Formation, the lake was relatively closed.•The ...increase of paleosalinity was the consequence of influence of OAE 1a on Laiyang paleo-lake.
The early Aptian climate change resulted in changes in both the ocean and terrestrial ecosystems. This global climate change is well documented in marine sediments in the form of the oceanic anoxic event (OAE) 1a, but it has rarely been reported from the inland lakes in the East Asian continent. In this study, carbon and oxygen isotopes, quantitative palaeosalinity, clay mineral composition and contents, organic matter content, and detrital zircon ages from the Shuinan and Zhifengzhuang Formations in the Jiaolai Basin were determined to examine whether this global climate change was recorded in inland lakes. This study showed that in the early depositional stage of the Shuinan Formation, the paleo-lake in the Jiaolai Basin was a saline lake with long detention and strong sealing. The climate of the Jiaolai Basin became hotter and drier in the early Aptian (~120 Ma) and the evaporation increased, which increased the palaeosalinity of the Shuinan Formation. High-salinity water, high temperatures, and strong evaporation led to a positive migration of the δ13C values. The extreme dry and hot climate documented in the black shale of the Shuinan Formation might serve as a response of inland lakes to OAE 1a. This study provided not only a lacustrine record of an Early Aptian global climate change event but also a new perspective to deepen the understanding of the effects of the Cretaceous climate change in terrestrial ecosystems.
Novel reassortants of H7N9, H10N8, and H5N6 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are currently circulating in China's poultry flocks, occasionally infecting humans and other mammals. Combined with the ...sometimes enzootic H5N1 and H9N2 strains, this cauldron of genetically diverse AIVs pose significant risks to public health. Here, we review the epidemiology, evolution, and recent outbreaks of AIVs in China, discuss reasons behind the recent increase in the emergence of novel AIVs, and identify warning signs which may point to the emergence of a potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIV to humans. This review will be useful to authorities who consider options for the detection and control of AIV transmission in animals and humans, with the goal of preventing future epidemics and pandemics.
To better solve the problem of target detection in marine environment and to deal with the difficulty of 3D reconstruction of underwater target, a binocular vision-based underwater target detection ...and 3D reconstruction system is proposed in this paper. Two optical sensors are used as the vision of the system. Firstly, denoising and color restoration are performed on the image sequence acquired by the vision of the system and the underwater target is segmented and extracted according to the image saliency using the super-pixel segmentation method. Secondly, aiming to reduce mismatch, we improve the semi-global stereo matching method by strictly constraining the matching in the valid target area and then optimizing the basic disparity map within each super-pixel area using the least squares fitting interpolation method. Finally, based on the optimized disparity map, triangulation principle is used to calculate the three-dimensional data of the target and the 3D structure and color information of the target can be given by MeshLab. The experimental results show that for a specific size underwater target, the system can achieve higher measurement accuracy and better 3D reconstruction effect within a suitable distance.
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•Early Cretaceous salified lakes occurred in the local area of East China because of hothouse climate.•The black shale in the Fajiaying Formation is a terrestrial record of the ...Cretaceous hothouse climate.•Salinization of the sedimentary water bodies of the Fajiaying Formation may correspond to an oceanic anoxic event.
The significance of Cretaceous hothouse climate in terrestrial systems is currently unclear, and its records in terrestrial strata are rarely reported. This study investigated the sedimentary environment of the Fajiaying Formation, characterised by abundant black shale and soft-sediment deformation structures. Five lithofacies have been identified for the Fajiaying Formation, e.g. Facies A: black shale with siltstone inter-bedding, Facies B: black and gray-black shale and siltstone alternations with minor sandstone, Facies C: black and gray-black shale interbedded with gray-black sandstone, Facies D: pebbly sandstone and Facies E: gray-black shale and siltstone. The average TOC content of the shales decreases from facies A (av. 1.32%) to facies E (av. 0.46%) through facies B (av. 0.57%) and facies C (av. 0.40%). The paleosalinity gradually decreases from lithofacies A to lithofacies E, corresponding to the change of paleoclimate. In addition, Bivariate Scatter Plot of SiO2 and Al2O3 + K2O + Na2O and the clay mineral assemblages suggest an arid climate. Combined with distribution characteristics and paleontology of saliferous strata in eastern China, we determine that hothouse climate influenced the salification of lakes located in eastern China during the Early Cretaceous. Furthermore, the Fajiaying Formation in Lingshan Island was deposited in a terrestrial salified lake. Salinization of the sedimentary water bodies of the Fajiaying Formation might be related to an oceanic anoxic event. The black shale developed extensively in the Fajiaying Formation and represents the terrestrial record of hothouse climate.
The early Aptian (~120 Ma) Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE 1a) was associated with marked changes in palaeoclimate linked to a perturbation of the global carbon cycle. While it is well-studied in the ...marine realm, OAE 1a is poorly known from continental records. Here, we fill that knowledge-gap by describing OAE 1a from lacustrine facies in the East Asia continental margin (Jiaolai Basin and Lingshan Island in eastern China). Specifically, we integrate data from bulk organic carbon-isotopes (δ13Corg), total organic carbon (TOC), and redox-and productivity-sensitive trace elements, as well as existing records on depositional environments, clay mineral compositions, elemental geochemistry and the latest detrital zircon UPb ages. We propose a conceptual model of the response of the lake system to OAE 1a through analysis of the palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic context. During the initial stage, an extreme greenhouse climatic event resulted in an abrupt increase in palaeosalinity in the lake system. This led to anoxic conditions, resulting in a high preservation rate of TOC and the development of organic-rich black shale. Organic carbon isotopes documented in the organic-rich black shale show negative and then positive excursions, consistent with the carbon cycle disturbance found in marine OAE 1a records. In addition, the data show that this event may have been associated with a transition from an extreme greenhouse climate to a cooling phase. The framework presented here facilitates further research on the expression of OAE 1a in continental ecosystems and its fingerprint in lacustrine depositional systems.
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•Evidence of OAE1a was identified in lacustrine depositional systems.•Lacustrine black shale in East China preserves information on early Aptian C-cycle perturbation during OAE 1a.•Palaeosalinity and RSTE data indicate environmental instability of inland lakes in East China during OAE 1a.•Terrestrial records suggest an extreme greenhouse climate led to OAE 1a.•The OAE 1a itself may represent a period of transition from an extreme greenhouse climate to a cooling phase.
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens in dogs, and despite the continual development of vaccines against CPV-2, CPV-2 is still circulating in the canine population. The ...CPV-2a/2b/2c variant has replaced the original CPV-2 virus and seems to exhibit accelerated transmission. Although CPV-2 infection has been frequently reported, no studies have summarized information of CPV-2 variants currently circulating worldwide. To track the evolution of CPV-2, we downloaded and analyzed all VP2 sequences from the NCBI database (from 1978 to 2022). We found that CPV-2c shows a tendency to replace CPV-2a as the new dominant variant in Asia, South America, North America and Africa. Additionally, CPV-2c, which is prevalent in most regions of Asia, carries two special mutations in VP2, A5G and Q370R, and has become a dominant mutation with spillover already occurring. In conclusion, this summary of the types of global epidemic variants provides new insight into the evolution of CPV-2 and raises awareness for blocking the spread of this virus. The spread of Asian-derived CPV-2c urgently needs to be further under surveillance.
Resveratrol (RES) is a natural anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound with poor water solubility and oral bioavailability. The present study takes the advantages of nanocarriers combined with a ...ligand (galactose) anchoring to orally deliver RES in an attempt to improve its bioavailability and pharmacological activity.
RES-loaded galactosylated nanoparticles (RES-GNPs) were prepared by solvent diffusion technique using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), synthesized
-oleoyl-d-galactosamine and Tween 80. RES-GNPs were characterized by particle size, morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE) and in vitro release. Oral bioavailability and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity were investigated in rats and lipopolysaccharides-induced RAW 264.7 cells, respectively.
The resulting RES-GNPs were 108.4 nm around in particle size with a polydispersity index of 0.217. Furthermore, RES-GNPs possessed a high EE and a slow drug release in water. After oral administration, RES-GNPs significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of RES, up to 335.7% relative to RES suspensions. In situ single-pass intestinal perfusion and cellular uptake experiments showed that GNPs could improve the intestinal permeability and transcellular transport of RES. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of RES-GNPs in RAW 264.7 cells model was superior to free RES and RES-GNPs.
The results indicate that RES-GNPs can effectively promote the intestinal absorption of RES and strengthen its bioactivity, which may be a promising system for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpesvirus type I (FHV-1) are the most common viral pathogens responsible for cat respiratory diseases, and coinfection with these two pathogens is often found. ...In veterinary clinics, the main diagnostic methods for FCV and FHV-1 are test strips and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, the sensitivity of test strips are not sufficient, and PCR is time-consuming. Therefore, developing a rapid and high-performance clinical diagnostic test is imperative for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Enzymatic recombinase amplification (ERA) is an automated isothermal nucleic acid amplification technique that maintains a constant temperature, and is both rapid and highly accurate. In this study, a dual ERA method was developed using the Exo probe for a differential detection of FCV and FHV-1. This dual ERA method demonstrated high performance with the detection limit of 10
copies for both viruses, and no cross-reactions with feline parvovirus virus and F81 cells. To test the utility of the method for clinical applications, 50 nasopharyngeal swabs from cats with respiratory symptoms were collected and tested. The positive rates of FCV and FHV-1 were 40% (20/50, 95% confidence interval CI, 26.4 to 54.8%) and 14% (7/50, 95% CI, 5.8 to 26.7%), respectively. The rate of coinfection with FCV and FHV-1 was 10% (5/50, 95% CI, 3.3 to 21.8%). These results were in agreement with those found using quantitative real-time PCR. Therefore, this dual ERA method is a novel and efficient clinical diagnostic tool for FCV and FHV-1 detection.
For complex aortic root lesions, the flanged Bentall procedure has more advantages than the traditional one. Here, we report two patients with complex root lesions treated with the flanged Bentall ...and Cabrol procedure: one was a 25-year-old male with interventricular septal dissection with Behçet's disease, and the other was a 4-year-old female with a very large ascending aortic aneurysm with a small annulus and Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Both patients recovered uneventfully and obtained good short-term results.
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