Starch digestibility strongly depends on the food composition and microstructure formed during food processing. Identifying the interplay among food ingredients is vital to design starch-based foods ...with low digestibility. In this work, the effects of native and enzymatic (pepsin and pancreatin) hydrolyzed rice proteins on structural features, enzyme activity and digestibility of cooked rice starch were systematically investigated. All protein and its hydrolysates showed potent abilities in mitigating starch digestion. Native and pepsin hydrolyzed proteins increased starch retrogradation extent and thus increased ordered and aggregated structures of cooked starch. Pepsin-pancreatin hydrolyzed proteins displayed anti-retrogradation activity and decreased starch ordered structures, however, increased V-type inclusion complexes and displayed a potent mixed-type (competitive and non-competitive) inhibitory activity against α-amylase. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that native and pepsin hydrolyzed proteins decreased starch digestibility via increasing ordered structures of cooked starch, while pepsin-pancreatin hydrolyzed proteins mitigated starch digestion by the synergistic effects of V-type structures enhancement and mixed-type suppression activity against α-amylase. The data is of significant to formulate low glycemic health-promoting food products via native or proteolytic proteins complexation.
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•Pepsin and pepsin-pancreatin hydrolyzed rice proteins were prepared.•Native and enzymatically hydrolyzed rice proteins mitigated starch digestibility.•Native and pepsin treated proteins increased ordered and aggregated structures of cooked starch.•Pepsin-pancreatin hydrolyzed proteins increased starch V-type structures.•Proteins treated with pepsin-pancreatin suppressed the activity of α-amylase.
The supramolecular structural features of ultrasonic treated potato starch granules in excess water were investigated. Various ultrasonic treatments were used; an ultrasound probe set with different ...power (60, 105, 155 W) at a frequency of 20 kHz for 30 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that ultrasonic treatment induced notch and groove on starch granule surface. The B-type crystal structure was scarcely affected according to polarized light microscopy (PLM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. However, Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data manifest that fractal structures changed from surface fractal into mass fractal as the ultrasonic power increased, indicating that the compact starch granules swelled to a larger extent and loosed. The repeat cluster thickness was unchanged. The electron density contrast between the crystalline and the amorphous lamella decreased, while the electron density difference between the amorphous lamella and amylose background increased. Moreover, the molecular order in crystalline lamella was reduced. These results demonstrated that ultrasonic treatment affected cluster structure, especially the crystalline region, and amylose background was affected more compared to amylopectin amorphous lamella.
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► Ultrasound affects multiscale structure of potato starch under the chosen parameters. ► B-type crystalline structure and crystallinity are barely affected. ► Surface fractal changes into mass fractal in starch granules. ► Crystalline lamella disordering reduces molecular order with unchanged long period. ► Amylose background is more affected compared to amylopectin amorphous lamella.
Current evidence supports that inflammatory reaction in the hippocampus is a potential cause of major depressive disorder (MDD). Perilla aldehyde (PAH), a major constituent from Perilla frutescens, ...has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. The aim of this study is to explore the antidepressant-like effect and the underlying mechanism of PAH on the rats model induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS).
CUMS rats model was built to tested their depressive-like behaviors. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were tested. Proteins were analyzed by Western blot and Immunohistochemistry.
We found that treatment with PAH (20, 40 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (FLU, 10 mg/kg) significantly improved the sucrose consumption, immobility time in forced swim test (FST), as well as locomotor activity in open-field test (OFT). The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus were also suppressed effectively by PAH and FLU administration. Western blot analysis showed the up-regulated levels of TXNIP, NLRP3, Cleaved caspase-1 and p-NF-κB p65 in the hippocampus in rats exposed to CUMS paradigm, while different degrees of down-regulation in their expression were detected after PAH (20, 40 mg/kg) and FLU (10 mg/kg) treatment respectively. The results from histopathological examination further demonstrated that PAH (20, 40 mg/kg) and FLU (10 mg/kg) treatment reversed the alteration of TRX, NLRP3 and Cleaved caspase-1 induced by CUMS procedure.
Our results demonstrated that PAH exhibited antidepressant-like effect in CUMS-induced rats model of depression, which might be mediated by TXNIP/TRX/NLRP3 pathway.
•Perilla aldehyde attenuates CUMS-induced depressive-like behaviors.•Perilla aldehyde inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the upregulation of TRX.•The antidepressant-like effects of perilla aldehyde are regulated via TXNIP/TRX/NLRP3 pathway in rats.
The recognition of ω-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) as essential fatty acids to normal growth and health was realized more than 80 years ago. However, the awareness of the long-term nutritional ...intake of ω-3 PUFAs in lowering the risk of a variety of chronic human diseases has grown exponentially only since the 1980s (1, 2). Despite the overwhelming epidemiological evidence, many attempts of using fish-oil supplementation to intervene human diseases have generated conflicting and often ambiguous outcomes; null or weak supporting conclusions were sometimes derived in the subsequent META analysis. Different dosages, as well as the sources of fish-oil, may have contributed to the conflicting outcomes of intervention carried out at different clinics. However, over the past decade, mounting evidence generated from genetic mouse models and clinical studies has shed new light on the functions and the underlying mechanisms of ω-3 PUFAs and their metabolites in the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of the effects as well as the underlying mechanisms of ω-3 PUFAs on autoimmune diseases.
Microglia, the brain-resident macrophages, exhibit highly dynamic functions in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. Human microglia possess unique features as compared to mouse microglia, but our ...understanding of human microglial functions is largely limited by an inability to obtain human microglia under homeostatic states. Here, we develop a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based microglial chimeric mouse brain model by transplanting hPSC-derived primitive macrophage progenitors into neonatal mouse brains. Single-cell RNA-sequencing of the microglial chimeric mouse brains reveals that xenografted hPSC-derived microglia largely retain human microglial identity, as they exhibit signature gene expression patterns consistent with physiological human microglia and recapitulate heterogeneity of adult human microglia. Importantly, the engrafted hPSC-derived microglia exhibit dynamic response to cuprizone-induced demyelination and species-specific transcriptomic differences in the expression of neurological disease-risk genes in microglia. This model will serve as a tool to study the role of human microglia in brain development and degeneration.
Sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), an NAD-dependent deacetylase, promotes tumorigenesis in glioma; however, whether the Sirt-1 specific inhibitor, EX527 exerts antitumor effects and the underlying mechanism in ...glioma requires further investigation. In the present study, the proliferative and colony formation abilities of two glioma cell lines (U87MG and LN-299) were inhibited by EX527. Treatment with EX527 increased the number of apoptotic cells (Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide); pretreatment with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK suppressed EX527-induced apoptosis, suggesting that EX527 induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. In addition, western blotting revealed that EX527 treatment increased the expression of cleaved-caspase-3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated-X-protein and Bcl-2-like 11 but decreased that of Bcl-2. p53 is deacetylated by Sirt-1, attenuating its function. Furthermore, EX527 upregulated the expression of p53, acetylated p53 and the p53 target gene p21. This result suggests that EX527 induced cell apoptosis by activating p53 in glioma. Of note, EX527 exhibited antitumor effects on patient-derived glioma cells under three-dimensional culture conditions. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that EX527 may be used as an effective compound in the treatment of glioma.
Objective
This meta-analysis aimed to assess the performance of shear wave elastography (SWE) in the identification of malignant thyroid nodules.
Methods
Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and the ...references of narrative reviews were searched for relevant studies with a publication date through October 2013. The methodological quality was assessed using QUADAS tools. Data synthesis was calculated using the bivariate mixed-effects regression model.
Results
Of the 131 studies identified, 15 (11.5 %) were included, in which SWE, point-SWE or 2D SWE, was used to evaluate 1,867 thyroid nodules in 1,525 patients. Methodological assessment revealed study quality was moderate to high. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve of SWE for detecting malignant thyroid nodules were 84.3 % (95 % confidence interval CI, 76.9–89.7 %), 88.4 % (95 % CI, 84.0–91.7 %), and 93 % (95 % CI, 90–95 %), respectively. As a screening tool, positive and negative predictive values were 27.7–44.7 % and 98.1–99.1 %, respectively, calculated with a malignance prevalence of 5–10 % in thyroid nodules. A publication bias regression test revealed no significant small-study bias.
Conclusions
SWE is a highly accurate diagnostic modality for the identification of malignant thyroid nodules, with promise for integration into routine imaging protocols for thyroid nodules.
Key Points
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Shear wave elastography (SWE) is a group of novel ultrasound-based technologies
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Meta-analysis was employed to assess relevant studies of SWE of thyroid nodules
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SWE had high sensitivity and specificity in identifying malignant thyroid nodules
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The high negative predictive value of SWE can reduce unnecessary biopsies
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