Organoids are a new type of 3D model for tumor research, which makes up for the shortcomings of cell lines and xenograft models, and promotes the development of personalized precision medicine. ...Long-term culture, expansion and storage of organoids provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of biobanks. Biobanks standardize the collection and preservation of normal or pathological specimens, as well as related clinical information. The tumor organoid biobank has a good quality control system, which is conducive to the clinical transformation and large-scale application of tumor organoids, such as disease modeling, new drug development and high-throughput drug screening. This article summarized the common tumor types of patient-derived organoid (PDO) biobanks and the necessary information for biobank construction, such as the number of organoids, morphology, success rate of culture and resuscitation, pathological types. In our results, we found that patient-derived tumor organoid (PDTO) biobanks were being established more and more, with the Netherlands, the United States, and China establishing the most. Biobanks of colorectal, pancreas, breast, glioma, and bladder cancers were established more, which reflected the relative maturity of culture techniques for these tumors. In addition, we provided insights on the precautions and future development direction of PDTO biobank building.
Lattice dynamics is increasingly acknowledged as playing an important role in the ionic transport mechanisms of many oxide ion conductors. In particular, specific structural distortions–so-called ...octahedral rotations–have been suggested as the origin of the enhanced mobility observed in Ln2NiO4+δ Ruddlesden–Popper phases (Ln = La, Pr, Nd), where oxide interstitial diffusion occurs through an interstitialcy mechanism. In this work, we use theory and first-principles calculations to unravel and quantify the microscopic link between soft lattice modes and migration barriers in the Ln2NiO4+δ family of materials. We show that the magnitude of the migration barriers can be correlated with the tendency of each material to undergo an octahedral rotation distortion: as the tendency of a material to undergo such a distortion increases, the migration barrier decreases. We then use this insight to formulate simple design guidelines for further decreasing migration barriers through epitaxial strain and that connect trends in the ionic transport properties of the Ruddlesden–Popper phases with the structures of the parent ANiO3 perovskites.
Arsenic (As) pollution in coastal wetland soil has attracted attention. However, how anaerobic microbes impact the fate of As in coastal wetland environments remains poorly understood. To elucidate ...underlying mechanisms of anaerobic microbes mediated As mobilization, incubation experiments were performed in this study. The results demonstrate that the concentrations of total dissolved As and As(III) were higher in biotic incubations compared with abiotic controls. The dissolved As(III) concentrations increased and reached maximum values of 11.0 ± 1.2 and 12.0 ± 1.1 μg/L for biotic incubations with and without additional sulfate, respectively. Sulfate and Fe reduction induced by anaerobic microbes were evidenced by the detection of sulfide and Fe(II) in biotic incubations. The sequential extraction results indicated that the content of crystalline Fe mineral fraction of As (Ascry) increased and that of amorphous Fe mineral fraction of As (Asamo) decreased in the solid phase. Therefore, the released As was attributed to microbially mediated reductive dissolution of amorphous Fe mineral matter and, after 40 days of incubation, the decreased As might be immobilized via re-adsorption onto, or co-precipitation with, the newly formed crystalline Fe minerals. The 16S rRNA results indicated that Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes constituted the majority of the bacterial community in biotic incubations. The sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfocapsa induced sulfate reduction and further promoted the reduction and release of As in soils. This study provides insights into the mechanism for As mobilization and redistribution in coastal wetland soils.
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•Dissolved As was higher in biotic incubations compared with abiotic controls.•As mobilization resulted from the reductive dissolution of amorphous iron minerals.•The released As was partly immobilized in newly formed crystalline iron minerals.•As(V) reduction and release were affected by sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfocapsa.
Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have resulted in remarkable achievements and conferred massive benefits to computer-aided systems in medical imaging. However, the worldwide usage of ...AI-based automation-assisted cervical cancer screening systems is hindered by computational cost and resource limitations. Thus, a highly economical and efficient model with enhanced classification ability is much more desirable. This paper proposes a hybrid loss function with label smoothing to improve the distinguishing power of lightweight convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for cervical cell classification. The results strengthen our confidence in hybrid loss-constrained lightweight CNNs, which can achieve satisfactory accuracy with much lower computational cost for the SIPakMeD dataset. In particular, ShufflenetV2 obtained a comparable classification result (96.18% in accuracy, 96.30% in precision, 96.23% in recall, and 99.08% in specificity) with only one-seventh of the memory usage, one-sixth of the number of parameters, and one-fiftieth of total flops compared with Densenet-121 (96.79% in accuracy). GhostNet achieved an improved classification result (96.39% accuracy, 96.42% precision, 96.39% recall, and 99.09% specificity) with one-half of the memory usage, one-quarter of the number of parameters, and one-fiftieth of total flops compared with Densenet-121 (96.79% in accuracy). The proposed lightweight CNNs are likely to lead to an easily-applicable and cost-efficient automation-assisted system for cervical cancer diagnosis and prevention.
Power battery is one of the core components of electric vehicles (EVs) and a major contributor to the environmental impact of EVs, and reducing their environmental emissions can help enhance the ...sustainability of electric vehicles. Based on the principle of stiffness equivalence, the steel case of the power cell is replaced with lightweight materials, a life cycle model is established with the help of GaBi software, and its environmental impact is evaluated using the CML2001 method. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) Based on the four environmental impact categories of GWP, AP, ADP (f), and HTP, which are the global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), abiotic depletion potential (ADP (f)) and human toxicity potential (HTP), the environmental impact of lightweight materials is lower than that of the steel box. Among them, the aluminum alloy box has the largest reduction, and the Carbon Fiber Sheet Molding Compound (CF-SMC) box is the second. (2) In the sensitivity analysis of electric structure, an aluminum alloy box is still the most preferable choice for environmental impact. (3) In the sensitivity analysis of driving mileage, the aluminum alloy box body is also the best choice for vehicle life. (4) Quantitative assessment using substitution factors measures the decrease in greenhouse gas emissions following the substitution of steel battery box with lightweight materials. The adoption of aluminum alloy battery box can lead to a reduction of 1.55 tons of greenhouse gas emissions, with a substitution factor of 1.55 tC sb
. In the case that composite materials have not been recycled commercially on a large scale, aluminum alloy is still one of the best materials for the integrated environmental impact of the whole life cycle of the battery boxes.
Indoor airborne microplastics fibers (MPFs) are emerging contaminants of growing concern. Nowadays, air conditioners (ACs) are widely used in indoor environments. However, little is known about their ...impact on the distribution of indoor MPFs. In this study, we first disclosed the prevalence of MPF contamination in filters for indoor split ACs used in living rooms, dormitories, and offices. The average density of microfibers was 1.47–21.4 × 102 items/cm2, and a total 27.7–35.0% of fibers were MPFs. Of these fibers, the majority were polyester (45.3%), rayon (27.8%), and cellophane (20.1%). We further tracked the long-term accumulation of MPFs on AC filters in three types of rooms, and demonstrated that dormitories showed relatively heavy accumulation especially after running for 35–42 days. Furthermore, we found that simulative AC filters which had been lined with PET MPFs could effectively release those MPFs into indoor air, propelling them away from the ACs at varying distances. Statistical analysis showed that the estimated daily intake of MPFs (5–5000 μm length) from AC filters would increase gradually with their usage, with the intake volume reaching up to 11.2 ± 2.2–44.0 ± 8.9 items/kg-BW/day by the 70th day, although this number varied among people of different ages. Altogether, these findings suggest that AC filters can act as both a sink and a source of microplastics fibers. Therefore, AC filters should be evaluated not only for their substantial impact on the distribution of indoor airborne MPFs, but also for their role in the prevalence of the related health risks.
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•Microplastic fibers (MPFs) were widely detected on AC filters in multiple types of room.•MPFs including polyester, rayon and cellophane account for 28–35% fibers on AC filters.•MPFs accumulate on AC filters gradually, heavily after usage of 35–42 days.•Simulative PET MPFs can effectively release from AC filters, and into indoor air.•Estimated daily intake of MPFs increase with AC usage, vary among different age people.
•Information retrieved from LTM does not always have to be brought back into WM.•LTM retrieval can bypass WM when WM is fully engaged.•Information directly retrieved from LTM might be stored in ...activated LTM.•Such independent LTM retrieval is reflected by suppression in alpha oscillation.
For decades, it has been assumed that when humans retrieve information from long-term memory (LTM), information need first to be brought back into working memory (WM). However, as WM capacity is limited, it is unclear what happens if information from LTM needs to be retrieved while WM is fully engaged? To address this question, observers had to retrieve colors from LTM while WM storage capacity was fully engaged. The behavioral results showed that retrieving information from LTM is possible even when WM capacity is fully occupied. Additional evidence from electroencephalogram (EEG) confirmed that WM was fully engaged as the suppression of alpha oscillation reached its maximum when memorizing the maximum amount of information into WM; yet the suppression in alpha oscillation was even further amplified when items were retrieved simultaneously from LTM, providing a neural signature of additional LTM retrieval capacity above and beyond the maximum WM capacity. Together, our findings indicate that information retrieved from LTM does not always have to be brought back into WM, but instead might be accessed through a different mechanism when WM is fully engaged.
Increasing studies have highlighted the effects of the tumor immune micro-environment (TIM) on colon cancer (CC) tumorigenesis, prognosis, and metastasis. However, there is no reliable molecular ...marker that can effectively estimate the immune infiltration and predict the CC relapse risk. Here, we leveraged the gene expression profile and clinical characteristics from 1430 samples, including four gene expression omnibus database (GEO) databases and the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database, to construct an immune risk signature that could be used as a predictor of survival outcome and immune activity. A risk model consisting of 10 immune-related genes were screened out in the Lasso-Cox model and were then aggregated to generate the immune risk signature based on the regression coefficients. The signature demonstrated robust prognostic ability in discovery and validation datasets, and this association remained significant in the multivariate analysis after controlling for age, gender, clinical stage, or microsatellite instability status. Leukocyte subpopulation analysis indicated that the low-risk signature was enriched with cytotoxic cells (activated CD4/CD8
T cell and NK cell) and depleted of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T cells. Further analysis indicated patients with a low-risk signature harbored higher tumor mutation loads and lower mutational frequencies in significantly mutated genes of
and
. Together, our constructed signature could predict prognosis and represent the TIM of CC, which promotes individualized treatment and provides a promising novel molecular marker for immunotherapy.
The physical and chemical pressures in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play an important role in tumor development by regulating stromal elements, including immune cells. Hypoxia can induce a ...cascade of events in tumor initiation and development via immune regulation. As a dangerous factor, hypoxia activates multiple signaling pathways to reshape the immune microenvironment, leading to immunosuppression. Consequently, targeting hypoxia in the TME is a potential strategy to prevent immune escape and inhibit malignant tumor progression. In this review, we summarized the role of hypoxia-induced factors in the tumor immune escape process and provide a novel pathway to restrain tumor progression and development.
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•Hypoxia is a common character in many solid tumors and involved in tumor progression and development.•Immune cell in tumor microenvironment is a large class of cell groups and is necessary for tumor treatment.•Hypoxia can regulate various immune cellular process leading to immune cell losing its function.•Targeting hypoxia to improve immune treatment is a novel and potential line.
Abstract
How lake temperatures across large geographic regions are responding to widespread alterations in ice phenology (i.e., the timing of seasonal ice formation and loss) remains unclear. Here, ...we analyse satellite data and global-scale simulations to investigate the contribution of long-term variations in the seasonality of lake ice to surface water temperature trends across the Northern Hemisphere. Our analysis suggests a widespread excess lake surface warming during the months of ice-off which is, on average, 1.4 times that calculated during the open-water season. This excess warming is influenced predominantly by an 8-day advancement in the average timing of ice break-up from 1979 to 2020. Until the permanent loss of lake ice in the future, excess lake warming may be further amplified due to projected future alterations in lake ice phenology. Excess lake warming will likely alter within-lake physical and biogeochemical processes with numerous implications for lake ecosystems.
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