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•A low-toxicity, high-efficiency, and low-cost deep eutectic solvent was synthesized.•Choline chloride-glycerol deep eutectic solvent was applied to separate Al foil and cathode ...materials of spent LIBs.•The deactivation of PVDF can be attributed to an alkali degradation process of PVDF in deep eutectic solvent.
The separation of cathode materials from aluminum (Al) foil is a key issue worthy of attention in the process of resource utilization of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Traditional technologies for the Al foil and cathode materials separation have the disadvantages of the use of corrosive acid/alkali, release of HF hazards, and environment and healthy risks of the toxicity reagent. In this study, a low-toxicity, high-efficiency, and low-cost deep eutectic solvent (DES), choline chloride-glycerol, was synthesized and applied to solving the separation dilemma of Al foil and cathode materials in spent LIBs. The experimental results show that separation of the Al foil and cathode materials can be achieved under optimal conditions designed by the response surface method: heating temperature 190 ℃, choline chloride: glycerol molar ratio 2.3:1, and heating time 15.0 min; the peeling percentage of cathode material can reach 99.86 wt%. Mechanism analysis results confirm that the separation of Al foil and cathode materials was the result of the deactivation of the organic binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which can be attributed to an alkali degradation process caused by the attack of the hydroxide of choline chloride on the acidic hydrogen atom in PVDF.
The rapid development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in emerging markets is pouring huge reserves into, and triggering broad interest in the battery sector, as the popularity of electric vehicles ...(EVs)is driving the explosive growth of EV LIBs. These mounting demands are posing severe challenges to the supply of raw materials for LIBs and producing an enormous quantity of spent LIBs, bringing difficulties in the areas of resource allocation and environmental protection. This review article presents an overview of the global situation of power LIBs, aiming at different methods to treat spent power LIBs and their associated metals. We provide a critical review of power LIB supply chain, industrial development, waste treatment strategies and recycling, etc. Power LIBs will form the largest proportion of the battery industry in the next decade. The analysis of the sustainable supply of critical metal materials is emphasized, as recycling metal materials can alleviate the tight supply chain of power LIBs. The existing significant recycling practices that have been recognized as economically beneficial can promote metal closed-loop recycling. Scientific thinking needs to innovate sustainable and cost-effective recycling technologies to protect the environment because of the chemicals contained in power LIBs.
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•The comprehensive information of power lithium-ion batteries and associated critical metal recycling was summarized.•The inductive structure of the development of the power lithium-ion battery industry including the impact factors was built.•Recycling critical metal materials can alleviate the tight supply of raw materials for manufacturing lithium-ion batteries.•The existing recycling technologies and practices can push the spent power lithium-ionbattery closed-loop recycling.
To improve the classification effect of music genres in the digital music era, the article employs deep-learning algorithms to improve the performance of the classification of music genres. An ...auxiliary (estimated) model is constructed to estimate the amount of unmeasured data in the dual-rate system to enhance the recognition effect of music features. Moreover, a dual-rate output error model to identify such impacts is proposed to eliminate the impact of corrupt data caused by the estimation, which eventually leads to the further improvement of the proposed model called dual-rate multi-innovation forgetting gradient algorithm based on the auxiliary model. In addition, the article employs linear time-varying forgetting factors to improve the stability of the system, advances the recognition effect of music features through enhancement processing, and combines a deep-learning algorithm to construct a classification system of music genres. The result shows that the classification of the music genre system based on a deep-learning algorithm has a good music genre classification effect.
Consumer electronics (CE) and electric vehicles (EVs) associated with renewable and sustainable energy have been rapidly changing human lifestyles and transportation habits since 1990s. These active ...innovations have resulted in a large amount of spent lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) in China. At least two problems are declining the sustainability of production and final disposal of LiBs: one is potential environmental and health risk, and the other is that more and more valuable resources are being stored in spent LiBs without appropriate recycling. We found that a lack of effective regulation, collection systems and recycling technologies are major barriers and challenges to solve the problems. And in order to develop a comprehensive management scheme for this waste stream in China, we proposed a three-pronged approach: (1) new regulation or policy is quite a necessity to deal with the challenges unique to spent LiBs recycling; (2) collection systems for CE and EV batteries can be substantially established based upon past experience of general e-waste management and extended producer responsibility, respectively; and (3) more emphasis needs to be placed on new technology for spent LiBs recycling, to tackle the large quantities of stored spent LiBs.
Based on the 5G wireless semantic network, this paper realizes the construction of the English digital learning resources query system, providing the query and management functions for English ...digital learning resources, and realizes the integration of functions and resources on the digital learning system and mobile learning system. The platform is put into practical application, and data analysis is conducted to conclude how this system is used and whether it is conducive to improving students’ interest in learning English and their English proficiency. We propose a quality algorithm for 5G wireless networks, which not only captures the characteristics of 5G wireless networks such as local broadcast and node movement but also combines quality predicates as guards with broadcast reception actions, which are used to portray that a node can continue to execute subsequent processes only when the node reception actions satisfy certain conditions, which works together with the node default value mechanism to reduce the impact caused by unreliable links. The query content is interpreted and supplemented at the semantic level by using synonym expansion, and the knowledge base is used to filter the synonym expansion and further expand the synonym expansion query based on knowledge structure, to tap the implicit knowledge points related to the query, and to fuse the two extensions to realize the knowledge-based query expansion. We use 5G wireless semantic web-related technologies to build an English digital learning resource query system with complete functions and good experience across terminals. Through the questionnaire survey and data analysis of the users of this system, it is found that the system is well used and effectively enhances students’ interest in learning English and improves learning efficiency. By applying the experimental comparison method, it is known that this system has improved students’ English proficiency to a certain extent.
In diverse and changing environments, organizations often need to reorganize their teams in order to adapt to market changes, improve performance and promote innovation. Team restructuring involves ...the merging, realignment, or reorganization of different departments or teams, usually accompanied by reassignment of personnel, changes in roles, and new job requirements. The innovation and organizational theory literatures argue that implementing radical innovation can be facilitated or hindered by the organization’s structural design (Abraham YNahm, 2003), a process in which the integration of elements and performance feedback become crucial factors that affect the success of the team and employee satisfaction. team success and employee satisfaction. Specialization, formalization, informal social relations and link mechanisms have positive significant effects on innovation capability (Mohammad Iranmanesh, 2021) The purpose of this paper is to analyze the feedback paths of factor integration and performance outputs of reorganized teams in the hope of providing a multifactorial theoretical support for reorganized teams and finding positive feedbacks of performance outputs.
Over 800 million hectares of arable lands are affected by salinity in the world. In China, saline-alkali soils account for 25% of farmland and are underutilized. One sustainable strategy to make ...better use of saline land is to plant halophytes, salt-tolerant plants that can survive and complete their life cycle in media containing more than 200 mM NaCl. Halophytes have potential economic value as grain, vegetable, fruit, medicine, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks, and in greening and coastal protection. Therefore, the cultivation and protection of halophytes is very important. In the past few decades, a lot of work has been done on the protection and utilization of halophytes in saline soil improvement and development worldwide. This article focuses on the distribution of saline-alkali conditions and current measures to protect halophytes, as well as the application of halophytes in the sustainable development of saline-alkali land. This information is helpful for protection and utilization of halophytes in the sustainable development of saline land worldwide.
Chinese traditional cultural symbols possess great aesthetic and cultural value, and are widely utilized in product design. In this study, we explore the relationship between metaphor design based on ...traditional cultural symbols, customer experience and cultural identity, and further estimate how these three variables stimulate consumers' perceived value to generate consumers' purchase intention. Based on existing traditional cultural literature and Stimulus-organism-response theory (SOR), we proposed a theoretical research model to characterize the relationship among metaphor design based on traditional cultural symbols, customer experience, cultural identity, perceived value and consumers' purchase intention. A research survey was conducted and 262 questionnaires were collected in total with 241 valid. We used Smart PLS graph version 3.0 for data analysis. Results indicate that the cognition of metaphor design based on traditional cultural symbols and customer experience has a direct and significant impact on the emotional value thereby, eliciting consumers' purchase intention, metaphor design based on traditional cultural symbols is directly and indirectly (i.e., through customer experience or perceived value) positively associated with consumers' purchase intention, also customer experience is directly and indirectly (i.e., through perceived value) associated with consumer purchase intention, cultural identity mediates the indirect effect of customer experience and perceived value on purchase intention, the moderating role of cultural identity between customer experience and perceived value is not significant. Our findings help to expand the existing literature on consumer purchase intentions by rationally using traditional cultural symbols in the product metaphor design.
Purpose
Researchers have called for the synthesis of divergent perspectives and the development of a theoretical model that examines individuals’ donation behavior in charitable crowdfunding. To fill ...this research gap, the purpose of this paper is to synthesize the literature pertaining to the determinants of donation behavior in charitable crowdfunding. Then, drawing on the stimulus-organism-response framework, the authors develop and test a model that explains individuals’ intention to donate to charitable crowdfunding.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper follows a quantitative research approach. An online survey was distributed to collect data from individuals who had experienced charitable crowdfunding. In total, 205 valid responses were received and analyzed.
Findings
First, this study finds that individuals’ empathy and the perceived credibility of a charitable crowdfunding project are key determinants for their intention to donate in charitable crowdfunding. Second, the study finds that website quality, transaction convenience, and project content quality influence both empathy and perceived credibility in different ways. Third, it is noteworthy that initiator reputation is positively related to perceived credibility, while project popularity is positively associated with empathy.
Originality/value
This research advances the knowledge of individual donation behavior in charitable crowdfunding. The model can help researchers understand individuals’ philanthropic behavior by providing empirical explanations of the interplay between technological and project characteristics, emotional and cognitive states, and individuals’ donation behavior. For practitioners, the research suggests appropriate design, launch, and operation strategies to facilitate individuals’ donation behavior in charitable crowdfunding.
The rechargeable Li–CO2 battery is a novel and promising energy storage system with the capability of CO2 capture due to the reversible reaction between lithium ions and carbon dioxide. Carbon ...materials as the cathode, however, limit both the cycling performance and the energy efficiency of the rechargeable Li–CO2 battery, due to the insulating Li2CO3 formed in the discharge process, which is difficult to decompose in the charge process. Here, a Mo2C/carbon nanotube composite material is developed as the cathode for the rechargeable Li–CO2 battery and can achieve high energy efficiency (77%) and improved cycling performance (40 cycles). A related mechanism is proposed that Mo2C can stabilize the intermediate reduction product of CO2 on discharge, thus preventing the formation of insulating Li2CO3. In contrast to insulating Li2CO3, this amorphous Li2C2O4‐Mo2C discharge product can be decomposed below 3.5 V on charge. The introduction of Mo2C provides an effective solution to the problem of low round‐trip efficiency in the Li–CO2 battery.
In a rechargeable Li–CO2 battery, molybdenum carbide/carbon nanotubes as a cathode can stabilize the intermediate product on discharge, by building a new chemical bond between Mo and O. This amorphous discharge product effectively prevents the formation of crystalline Li2CO3 and thereby reduces the potential plateau on charge and improves the round‐trip efficiency of the rechargeable Li–CO2 battery.
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