Low-light image enhancement is a challenging task that has attracted considerable attention. Pictures taken in low-light conditions often have bad visual quality. To address the problem, we regard ...the low-light enhancement as a residual learning problem that is to estimate the residual between low- and normal-light images. In this paper, we propose a novel Deep Lightening Network (DLN) that benefits from the recent development of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The proposed DLN consists of several Lightening Back-Projection (LBP) blocks. The LBPs perform lightening and darkening processes iteratively to learn the residual for normal-light estimations. To effectively utilize the local and global features, we also propose a Feature Aggregation (FA) block that adaptively fuses the results of different LBPs. We evaluate the proposed method on different datasets. Numerical results show that our proposed DLN approach outperforms other methods under both objective and subjective metrics.
Active matter consists of units that generate mechanical work by consuming energy
. Examples include living systems (such as assemblies of bacteria
and biological tissues
), biopolymers driven by ...molecular motors
and suspensions of synthetic self-propelled particles
. A central goal is to understand and control the self-organization of active assemblies in space and time. Most active systems exhibit either spatial order mediated by interactions that coordinate the spatial structure and the motion of active agents
or the temporal synchronization of individual oscillatory dynamics
. The simultaneous control of spatial and temporal organization is more challenging and generally requires complex interactions, such as reaction-diffusion hierarchies
or genetically engineered cellular circuits
. Here we report a simple technique to simultaneously control the spatial and temporal self-organization of bacterial active matter. We confine dense active suspensions of Escherichia coli cells and manipulate a single macroscopic parameter-namely, the viscoelasticity of the suspending fluid- through the addition of purified genomic DNA. This reveals self-driven spatial and temporal organization in the form of a millimetre-scale rotating vortex with periodically oscillating global chirality of tunable frequency, reminiscent of a torsional pendulum. By combining experiments with an active-matter model, we explain this behaviour in terms of the interplay between active forcing and viscoelastic stress relaxation. Our findings provide insight into the influence of bacterial motile behaviour in complex fluids, which may be of interest in health- and ecology-related research, and demonstrate experimentally that rheological properties can be harnessed to control active-matter flows
. We envisage that our millimetre-scale, tunable, self-oscillating bacterial vortex may be coupled to actuation systems to act a 'clock generator' capable of providing timing signals for rhythmic locomotion of soft robots and for programmed microfluidic pumping
, for example, by triggering the action of a shift register in soft-robotic logic devices
.
We find a near detailed balance solution to the relativistic Boltzmann equation under the relaxation time approximation with a collision term which differs from the Anderson–Witting model and is ...dependent on the stationary observer. Using this new solution, we construct an explicit covariant transport equation for the particle flux in response to the generalized temperature and chemical potential gradients in generic stationary spacetimes, with the transport tensors characterized by some integral functions in the chemical potential and the relativistic coldness. To illustrate the application of the transport equation, we study probe systems in Rindler and Kerr spacetimes and analyze the asymptotic properties of the gravito-conductivity tensor in the near horizon limit. It turns out that both the longitudinal and lateral parts (if present) of the gravito-conductivity tend to be divergent in the near horizon limit. In the weak field limit, our results coincide with the non-relativistic gravitational transport equation which follows from the direct application of the Drude model.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at the ground level poses a serious threat to environmental quality and public health. This study developed a novel, artificial intelligence approach by integrating ...spatiotemporally weighted information into the missing extra-trees and deep forest models to first fill the satellite data gaps and increase data availability by 49% and then derive daily 1 km surface NO2 concentrations over mainland China with full spatial coverage (100%) for the period 2019–2020 by combining surface NO2 measurements, satellite tropospheric NO2 columns derived from TROPOMI and OMI, atmospheric reanalysis, and model simulations. Our daily surface NO2 estimates have an average out-of-sample (out-of-city) cross-validation coefficient of determination of 0.93 (0.71) and root-mean-square error of 4.89 (9.95) μg/m3. The daily seamless high-resolution and high-quality dataset “ChinaHighNO2” allows us to examine spatial patterns at fine scales such as the urban–rural contrast. We observed systematic large differences between urban and rural areas (28% on average) in surface NO2, especially in provincial capitals. Strong holiday effects were found, with average declines of 22 and 14% during the Spring Festival and the National Day in China, respectively. Unlike North America and Europe, there is little difference between weekdays and weekends (within ±1 μg/m3). During the COVID-19 pandemic, surface NO2 concentrations decreased considerably and then gradually returned to normal levels around the 72nd day after the Lunar New Year in China, which is about 3 weeks longer than the tropospheric NO2 column, implying that the former can better represent the changes in NO x emissions.
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a novel tick-borne infectious disease caused by a new type of SFTS virus (SFTSV). Here, a longitudinal sampling study is conducted to ...explore the differences in transcript levels after SFTSV infection, and to characterize the transcriptomic and epigenetic profiles of hospitalized patients. The results reveal significant changes in the mRNA expression of certain genes from onset to recovery. Moreover, m
6
A-seq reveals that certain genes related with immune regulation may be regulated by m
6
A. Besides the routine tests such as platelet counts, serum ALT and AST levels testing, distinct changes in myocardial enzymes, coagulation function, and inflammation are well correlated with the clinical data and sequencing data, suggesting that clinical practitioners should monitor the above indicators to track disease progression and guide personalized treatment. In this study, the transcript changes and RNA modification may lend a fresh perspective to our understanding of the SFTSV and play a significant role in the discovery of drugs for effective treatment of this disease.
Engineering microbes to produce terpenes from renewable feedstock is a promising alternative to traditional production approaches. Generally, terpenes are not readily secreted by microbial cells, and ...their distribution within cells is usually obscure and often a restricting factor for the overproduction of terpenes due to the storage limitation. Here, we determined that squalene overproduced in the cytoplasm of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was distributed in a form similar to oil droplets. Interestingly, these suspected oil droplets were confirmed to be inflated peroxisomes that were swollen along with the production of squalene, indicating that peroxisomes in S. cerevisiae are dynamic depots for the storage of squalene. In view of this, harnessing peroxisomes as subcellular compartments for squalene synthesis was performed, achieving a 138-fold improvement in squalene titer (1312.82 mg/L) relative to the parent strain, suggesting that the peroxisome of S. cerevisiae is an efficient subcellular factory for the synthesis of terpenes. By dual modulation of cytoplasmic and peroxisomal engineering, the squalene titer was further improved to 1698.02 mg/L. After optimizing a two-stage fed-batch fermentation method, the squalene titer reached 11.00 g/L, the highest ever reported. This provides new insight into the synthesis and storage of squalene in peroxisomes and reveals the potential of harnessing peroxisomes to overproduce terpenes in S. cerevisiae through dual cytoplasmic-peroxisomal engineering.
•Yeast peroxisome is a dynamic storage depot for squalene.•Yeast peroxisome is an efficient subcellular factory for squalene synthesis.•Dual cytoplasmic and peroxisomal engineering is favorable to high yield of squalene.
Using the near-detailed-balance distribution function obtained in our recent work, we present a set of covariant gravito-thermal transport equations (i.e. the flow of various charges as linear ...response to thermodynamical forces) for neutral relativistic gases in a generic stationary spacetime. All relevant tensorial transport coefficients are worked out and are presented using some particular integration functions in (α,ζ), where α=−βμ and ζ=βm is the relativistic coldness, with β being the inverse temperature and μ being the chemical potential. It is shown that the Onsager reciprocal relation holds in the gravito-thermal transport phenomena, and that the heat conductivity and the gravito-conductivity tensors are proportional to each other, with the coefficient of proportionality given by the product of the so-called Lorenz number with the temperature, thus proving a gravitational variant of the Wiedemann-Franz law. It is remarkable that, for strongly degenerate Fermi gases, the Lorenz number takes a universal constant value L=π2/3, which extends the Wiedemann-Franz law into the Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz law.
Selective autophagy mediates specific degradation of unwanted cytoplasmic components to maintain cellular homeostasis. The suppressor of gene silencing 3 (SGS3) and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase 6 ...(RDR6)‐formed bodies (SGS3/RDR6 bodies) are essential for siRNA amplification in planta. However, whether autophagy receptors regulate selective turnover of SGS3/RDR6 bodies is unknown. By analyzing the transcriptomic response to virus infection in Arabidopsis, we identified a virus‐induced small peptide 1 (VISP1) composed of 71 amino acids, which harbor a ubiquitin‐interacting motif that mediates interaction with autophagy‐related protein 8. Overexpression of VISP1 induced selective autophagy and compromised antiviral immunity by inhibiting SGS3/RDR6‐dependent viral siRNA amplification, whereas visp1 mutants exhibited opposite effects. Biochemistry assays demonstrate that VISP1 interacted with SGS3 and mediated autophagic degradation of SGS3/RDR6 bodies. Further analyses revealed that overexpression of VISP1, mimicking the sgs3 mutant, impaired biogenesis of endogenous trans‐acting siRNAs and up‐regulated their targets. Collectively, we propose that VISP1 is a small peptide receptor functioning in the crosstalk between selective autophagy and RNA silencing.
Synopsis
Genomic analyses have predicted numerous potentially expressed small peptides in plants, but their functions remain largely unknown. Here, a virus‐induced peptide is identified as a new autophagy receptor triggering degradation of SGS3/RDR6‐bodies and negatively regulating siRNA amplification.
VISP1 is a novel virus‐induced small peptide composed of 71 amino acids in Arabidopsis.
VISP1 harbors a ubiquitin‐interacting motif (UIM), which mediates the interaction with ATG8.
VISP1 serves as a new autophagy receptor and triggers autophagic degradation of SGS3/RDR6‐bodies.
VISP1 negatively regulates SGS3/RDR6‐dependent siRNA amplification.
VISP1, a small virus‐induced peptide, functions as an autophagy receptor to negatively regulate SGS3/RDR6‐dependent siRNA amplification in plants.
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with a single boron isotope have many enhanced physical, thermal and optical properties compared to the most common hBN with the natural distribution of boron (19.9 at. ...% 10B and 80.1 at. % 11B). These property differences can significantly improve the device performance in applications, such as neutron detectors, nanoscale electronics, and optical components. In this study, a new method for the growth of large-scale, high-quality monoisotopic hBN single crystals, i.e., h10BN and h11BN, was developed. hBN single crystals were grown using a nickel–chromium solvent and pure boron and nitrogen sources at atmospheric pressure. The clear and colorless crystals have a maximum domain size of around 1 mm. Raman measurements demonstrate that the crystals produced with this method are pure hBN phase with low defect density, and the spectral peaks vary with the boron isotope concentrations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra show that the B–N bond in h11BN is slightly stronger than that in h10BN. The ability to produce crystals in this manner opens the door to isotopically engineering the properties and performance of hBN devices.
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