Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurs in plants during certain developmental stages or under adverse environmental conditions, as a result of the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in ...the ER. To minimize the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER, a protein quality control (PQC) system monitors protein folding and eliminates misfolded proteins through either ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) or autophagy. ER stress elicits the unfolded protein response (UPR), which enhances the operation in plant cells of the ER protein folding machinery and the PQC system. The UPR also reduces protein folding demands in the ER by degrading mRNAs encoding secretory proteins. In plants subjected to severe or chronic stress, UPR promotes programmed cell death (PCD). Progress in the field in recent years has provided insights into the regulatory networks and signaling mechanisms of the ER stress responses in plants. In addition, novel physiological functions of the ER stress responses in plants for coordinating plant growth and development with changing environment have been recently revealed.
A
bstract
We extend the even weight modular forms of modular invariant approach to general integral weight modular forms. We find that the modular forms of integral weights and level
N
can be ...arranged into irreducible representations of the homogeneous finite modular group
Γ
N
′
which is the double covering of Γ
N
. The lowest weight 1 modular forms of level 3 are constructed in terms of Dedekind eta-function, and they transform as a doublet of
Γ
3
′
≅
T′
. The modular forms of weights 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are presented. We build a model of lepton masses and mixing based on
T′
modular symmetry.
Hybrid precoding can significantly reduce the number of required radio frequency (RF) chains in massive MIMO systems. However, due to the large number of antennas and the high‐dimensional channel, ...the existing hybrid precoding algorithms usually require very high complexity. In this paper, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based hybrid precoding scheme by utilizing unsupervised learning to reduce both the computational complexity and space complexity. Specifically, we first design a low‐complexity CNN structure to achieve the analog precoder, where the size of the convolution kernel and the number of channels are reduced by the further improved inception network. Then, we obtain the digital precoder by the classical zero‐forcing (ZF) algorithm. Simulation results show that, the proposed CNN‐based hybrid precoding can approach the sum‐rate performance of the classical two‐stage hybrid precoding but has much lower complexity.
This paper proposes a low‐complexity hybrid precoding scheme by utilizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) for massive MIMO systems. Specifically, the proposed CNN structure inspired by the inception network can achieve the analog precoder with lower computational complexity and space complexity.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases with high morbidity and mortality. It has become the fifth most burdened and the third most deadly ...disease in the global economy and increases year by year. The prevention and treatment of COPD are urgent. Smoking is the main and most common risk factor for COPD. Cigarette smoke (CS) contains a large number of toxic substances, can cause a series of changes in the trachea, lung tissue, pulmonary blood vessels, and promotes the occurrence and development of COPD. In recent years, the development of epigenetics and molecular biology have provided new guidance for revealing the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. The latest research indicates that pulmonary vascular endothelial cell apoptosis initiates and participates in the pathogenesis of COPD. In this review, we summarize the current research on the epigenetic mechanisms and molecular biology of CS-induced pulmonary vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in COPD, providing a new research direction for pathogenesis of COPD and a new target for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COPD.
Social responsibility information disclosure relates to the long-term development of enterprises. All social layers pay increasing attention to social responsibility of enterprises, especially those ...in heavy-pollution industries that are listed on stock exchanges. This study takes Chinese companies in heavy-pollution industries that were listed during 2008–2014 as objects of study to test the relationships among corporate governance, social responsibility information disclosure, and enterprise value. The study finds that there is a declining level of social responsibility information disclosure of listed enterprises in heavy-pollution industries. In addition, different corporate governance factors affect the social responsibility information disclosure of listed companies in heavy-pollution industries to a certain extent. Furthermore, we find that social responsibility information disclosure is not beneficial for the short-term profit of an enterprise but can increase its long-term value. Generally, a high level of corporate governance is favorable for legitimacy management as well as disclosure of social responsibility information.
A comprehensive review on the five levels of hierarchical structures of silk materials and the correlation with macroscopic properties/performance of the silk materials, that is, the toughness, ...strain‐stiffening, etc., is presented. It follows that the crystalline binding force turns out to be very important in the stabilization of silk materials, while the β‐crystallite networks or nanofibrils and the interactions among helical nanofibrils are two of the most essential structural elements, which to a large extent determine the macroscopic performance of various forms of silk materials. In this context, the characteristic structural factors such as the orientation, size, and density of β‐crystallites are very crucial. It is revealed that the formation of these structural elements is mainly controlled by the intermolecular nucleation of β‐crystallites. Consequently, the rational design and reconstruction of silk materials can be implemented by controlling the molecular nucleation via applying sheering force and seeding (i.e., with carbon nanotubes). In general, the knowledge of the correlation between hierarchical structures and performance provides an understanding of the structural reasons behind the fascinating behaviors of silk materials.
This review presents five levels of hierarchical structures associated with the mechanical performance of silk materials. The crystallization mechanism concerning how silk fibroin molecules self‐organize into crystallites and crystal networks is highlighted, which allows for rational design and sheds light on mesoscopic reconstruction and mesoscopic engineering for synthesizing mechanically enhanced silk materials.
Designing transparent flexible electronics with multi‐biological neuronal functions and superior flexibility is a key step to establish wearable artificial intelligence equipment. Here, a flexible ...ionic gel‐gated VO2 Mott transistor is developed to simulate the functions of the biological synapse. Short‐term and long‐term plasticity of the synapse are realized by the volatile electrostatic carrier accumulation and nonvolatile proton‐doping modulation, respectively. With the achievement of multi‐essential synaptic functions, an important sensory neuron, nociceptor, is perfectly simulated in our synaptic transistors with all key characteristics of threshold, relaxation, and sensitization. More importantly, this synaptic transistor exhibits high tolerance to the bending deformation, and the cycle‐to‐cycle variations of multi‐conductance states in potentiation and depression properties are maintained within 4%. This superior stability further indicates that our flexible device is suitable for neuromorphic computing. Simulation results demonstrate that high recognition accuracy of handwritten digits (>95%) can be achieved in a convolution neural network built from these synaptic transistors. The transparent and flexible Mott transistor based on electrically‐controlled VO2 metal‐insulator transition is believed to open up alternative approaches to developing highly stable synapses for future flexible neuromorphic systems.
A flexible Mott synaptic transistor is developed to simulate the functions of a biological synapse. A sensory neuron, nociceptor, is simulated based on multi‐essential synaptic functions. The high recognition accuracy of handwritten digits (>95%) can be achieved, demonstrating that the flexible ionic gel‐gated VO2 Mott transistor opens up alternative approaches to developing highly stable synapses for future flexible neuromorphic systems.
This paper reviews recent advances in the generation, detection and transmission of orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) based superchannels, enabled by efficient and powerful digital ...signal processors. The use of OFDM to form a superchannel can be (1) at the modulation stage by naturally realizing a square-like signal spectral shape to allow close packing of multiple modulated signals, and/or (2) at the optical multiplexing stage by seamlessly multiplexing these modulated signals. This paper reviews recent advances in this field. Several OFDM-based superchannel architectures are described and compared.
Automorphic forms and fermion masses Ding, Gui-Jun; Feruglio, Ferruccio; Liu, Xiang-Gan
The journal of high energy physics,
01/2021, Volume:
2021, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
A
bstract
We extend the framework of modular invariant supersymmetric theories to encompass invariance under more general discrete groups Γ, that allow the presence of several moduli and make ...connection with the theory of automorphic forms. Moduli span a coset space
G
/
K
, where
G
is a Lie group and
K
is a compact subgroup of
G
, modded out by Γ. For a general choice of
G
,
K
, Γ and a generic matter content, we explicitly construct a minimal Kähler potential and a general superpotential, for both rigid and local
N
= 1 supersymmetric theories. We also specialize our construction to the case
G
= Sp(2
g,
ℝ),
K
= U(
g
) and Γ = Sp(2
g,
ℤ), whose automorphic forms are Siegel modular forms. We show how our general theory can be consistently restricted to multi-dimensional regions of the moduli space enjoying residual symmetries. After choosing
g
= 2, we present several examples of models for lepton and quark masses where Yukawa couplings are Siegel modular forms of level 2.
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