Adolescents who are willing to perform first aid can help prevent injuries and ultimately death among themselves and others involved in accidents or injuries. This study aims to estimate the ...prevalence of students' willingness to perform first aid procedures and additionally examine associated factors among high school students in Hue, Vietnam. A cross-sectional study utilizing multi-stage stratified random sampling was conducted between April to July 2020 by investigating 798 high school students in Hue, Vietnam. Participants were invited to complete a self-reported questionnaire pertaining to individual demographic characteristics, personal perception of self-efficacy, and willingness to perform first aid. To better interpret these findings, both multivariable linear and Poisson regression models were fitted to evaluate the association between individual student characteristics and the willingness to perform first aid. The prevalence of having willingness to perform first aid (defined as greater than or equal to4 points out of 5 to all three questions) was 49.9% (95%CI:28.6-71.2%). The major reported barriers in performing first aid were fear of making mistakes and hurting victims (34.4%, 95%CI:31.9-37.0%), no prior first aid training (29.8%, 95%CI:25.9-33.9%), and forgetting first aid steps (23.0%, 95%CI:15.8-32.2%). By employing the multivariable linear regression model, it was identified that students with high (beta = 0.614, 95%CI:0.009-1.219) or very high (beta = 1.64, 95%CI:0.857-2.422) levels of self-efficacy appeared to be more willing to perform first aid. Similarly, in the Poisson regression models, compared to neutral students, students who reported high (PR = 1.214, 95%CI:1.048-1.407) or very high (PR = 1.871, 95%CI:1.049-3.337) levels of self-efficacy were more willing to perform first aid. The level of willingness to perform first aid among high school students in this study population was found to be moderate. Therefore, integrating activities to promote self-efficacy in first aid training could be considered a progressive step towards improving a student's willingness to provide such life-saving procedures.
The electrochemical activity of solvated Ca2+ in glyme‐based electrolytes is investigated using grand canonical density functional theory approach and Fukui functions. The obtained results reveal ...that the length of glyme molecules has little effect on the reduction potentials, but has significant impacts on the effective electron transfer process. In short chain glymes, the transferred electron is located on a Ca2+ center and the organic part of the solvation sphere, leading to a direct Ca2+ reduction and a partial degradation of the glyme molecules. As the glyme's length increases, the reduction process turns into the formation of solvated electrons rather than Ca2+ reduction, unless a partial desolvation occurs. Consequently, an effective Ca2+ reduction in long chain glyme‐based electrolytes is controlled by a (partial) desolvation of the solvation sphere. These results can be used as guiding information to design new electrolytes having the Ca2+ reduction potential in an accessible voltage range together with an effective Ca2+ reduction process. The methodology developed in this study can be universally applied to investigate the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of other battery systems using metal anodes, which might lead to a paradigm shift in the design of prospective electrolytes for future battery technologies.
Grand canonical density functional theory is employed to study the reduction of solvated Ca2+ in diverse glyme‐based electrolytes. The length of the glyme molecules has minimal impact on the reduction potential, yet significantly influences both the efficiency and mechanism of Ca2+ reduction. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the Ca plating process.
All‐solid‐state sodium ion batteries (AS3iBs) are highly sought after for stationary energy storage systems due to their suitable safety and stability over a wide temperature range. Hard carbon (HC), ...which is low cost, exhibits a low redox potential, and a high capacity, is integral to achieve a practical large‐scale sodium‐ion battery. However, the energy density of the battery utilizing this anode material is hampered by its low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Herein, two strategies, namely i) additional pyrolysis and ii) presodiation by thermal decomposition of NaBH4, are explored to improve the ICE of pristine HC. Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical characterizations elucidate that the thermal treatment increases the Csp2 content in the HC structure, while the presodiation supplies the sodium to occupy the intrinsic irreversible sites. Consequently, presodiated HC exhibits an outstanding ICE (>99%) compared to the thermally treated (90%) or pristine HC (83%) in half‐cell configurations. More importantly, AS3iB using presodiated HC and NaCrO2 as the anode and cathode, respectively, exhibits a high ICE of 92% and an initial discharge energy density of 294Whkgcathode−1$294\ {\rm Wh}\ {\rm{kg}}_{{\rm{cathode}}}^{ - 1}$.
The oxygen groups in hard carbon are the intrinsic irreversible sodium storage sites leading to loss of sodium inventory which negatively impacts the energy density of batteries. Hard carbon is presodiated by decomposing sodium‐containing precursors thermally. This supplemental sodium populates the irreversible sites improving the initial Coulombic efficiency and the energy density of all‐solid‐state sodium ion batteries.
Although HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) testing for all women has been promoted by Vietnam's Ministry of Health since 2000, test acceptance rates in this country were reported to be less than 30% ...in the community. This country has been facing the barriers to approach the national services towards transmission prevention from mother to child including HIV testing during antenatal care (ANC) towards mothers. Here, we aim to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in HIV testing during ANC among Vietnamese women. This study used available data from the Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014. Overall, the prevalence of HIV testing during antenatal care was 30% and the concentrate index (CCI) was 0.1926. There was significant inequality between women classified as poor and rich, and when stratified by social characteristics, inequality was found in women aged 15-49 years (CCI: 0.4), living in rural areas (CCI: 0.3), belonging to ethnic minorities (CCI: 0.5) and having primary or less education (CCI: 0.4). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, ethnicity and socioeconomic status were significant factors associated with HIV testing during ANC. We found the prevalence of HIV testing during ANC was low, and its inequalities were associated with age, living area, ethnicity, education, and economic status.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocol versus the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocol in ovarian stimulation.
In this ...retrospective cohort study, we included 804 patients who were treated between January 1st, 2022, and July 1st, 2023. Outcomes of ovarian stimulation were compared between the PPOS (n = 206) and GnRH-ant (n = 598). The primary outcome was the number of good cleavage embryos.
Baseline characteristics were comparable in both groups. In both unadjusted and adjusted analysis, the mean number of good cleavage embryos in PPOS (6.33) was non-inferior to GnRH-ant (6.44; unadjusted ratio of two means 1.02, 95%CI 0.92, 1.13). The trigger-day estradiol level in patients with PPOS was higher than in patients with GnRH-ant (4,420 vs 3,830 pg/ml, respectively) despite similar total follicle stimulating hormone dose and fewer days of ovarian stimulation. The number of oocytes, MII oocytes, cleavage and blastocyst embryos were comparable between the two protocols. After the first transfer of embryos, the clinical pregnancy rate and implantation rate were higher in the PPOS group, while the pregnancy rate and ongoing pregnancy were not significantly different. None of the PPOS patients had an unexpected LH surge, and serum LH levels decreased slightly during ovarian stimulation.
The PPOS protocol with dydrogesterone provided similar embryo outcomes to the GnRH-ant protocol, with notable distinctions in clinical pregnancy and implantation rate. The serum LH concentration during ovarian stimulation using PPOS was well-controlled.
A green synthesis using extract from Citrus maxima peel was developed to fabricate Au–Ce catalysts for the reduction of p -nitrophenol (PNP). Au nanoparticles with a diameter of 6.6 ± 2.5 nm were ...deposited onto the surface of CeO 2 nanorods with a length of 33.1 ± 15.0 nm and a diameter of 7.1 ± 2.1 nm. The mesoporous and non-porous capillary structures of these materials were observed. The interaction between Au and CeO 2 increased the specific surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume compared with pure CeO 2 (90 m 2 g −1 , 23.8 Å, and 0.110 cm 3 g −1 versus 72 m 2 g −1 , 23.0 Å, and 0.089 cm 3 g −1 ). The splitting peaks of the surface oxygen and their shifting at lower temperatures compared with CeO 2 nanorods were found thanks to the Au–CeO 2 interaction, suggesting that their reduction occurred more easily. The synthesized Au–Ce catalysts exhibited excellent activity in the reduction of PNP to p -aminophenol. The 0.2Au–Ce catalyst was the most efficient one for PNP reduction, enabling the conversion of PNP in 30 minutes with a catalyst concentration of 20 mg L −1 and a PNP/NaBH 4 molar ratio of 1/200. Moreover, the 0.2Au–Ce catalyst could be reused for at least five consecutive cycles without considerable loss of its activity.
Phototherapy is the main treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia to prevent encephalopathy. It is generally believed to be safe; however, some studies have shown it might be associated with cancer ...development. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to assess the effect of neonatal phototherapy on future cancer risk. A systematic search in 13 databases was conducted in December 2018 and updated in August 2022 to identify studies that report cancer development after exposure to phototherapy. Throughout the study period, regular manual searches were also conducted to include new studies. A meta-analysis using R programming language was done in which the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated and pooled using the reported adjusted and unadjusted data. Fifteen studies were included. A statistically significant association was detected between neonatal phototherapy and any type of cancer (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.1, 1.4), any hematopoietic cancer (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.17, 1.91), any leukemia (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.08, 1.67), and myeloid leukemia (OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.4, 5.84). The other investigated cancers (lymphoid leukemia, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, kidney cancer, nervous system cancer, and skin cancer) were not associated with phototherapy.
Conclusions
: Phototherapy may carry a possible risk of future cancers. Future research is needed to quantify the magnitude of the cancer risk. These future studies should consider predictors of preterm birth or exclude premature babies from their analysis.
What is Known
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There were various reports about the possible association between phototherapy in neonates and the increased risk of cancer in the future.
What is New
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A statistically significant association between phototherapy and various hematopoietic cancers (especially myeloid leukemia) was recorded.
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The effect of the duration of phototherapy on the increased risk of hematopoietic cancers is yet unclear.
Asymptomatic leishmaniasis is believed to play important role in maintaining the transmission of Leishmania spp. within endemic communities. Therefore, the efforts to eliminate leishmaniasis are ...daunting if we cannot manage asymptomatic leishmaniasis well. To clarify the global prevalence and factors associated with the asymptomatic Leishmania infection, we assessed the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis by a systematic review followed by meta-analyses. In addition, factors associated with the asymptomatic leishmaniasis versus symptomatic were also analyzed. We included all of the original articles alluding to the human asymptomatic leishmaniasis that was confirmed by at least one laboratory diagnosis method regardless of age, sex, race, and ethnicity of the patients, study design, publication date or languages. In total, 111 original articles were chosen for the data extraction. Based on our meta-analyses of the original articles reporting asymptomatic leishmaniasis mostly in endemic areas, the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis was 11.2% 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6%‐14.4% in general population, 36.7% 95% CI 27.6%‐46.8% in inhabitants living in the same or neighboring household to the symptomatic patients, and 11.8% 95% CI 7.1%-19% in HIV infected patients. Among individuals with leishmaniasis, 64.9% 95% CI 54.7%-73.9% were asymptomatic and males were more susceptible to develop symptoms, with OR=1.88, 95% CI 1.19-2.99, P=0.007. Meta-regression analysis showed no significant change in the prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis during the last 40 years.
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•Prevalence of asymptomatic leishmaniasis is 11.2% mostly in endemic area.•Among the Leishmania infected individuals 64.9% are asymptomatic.•Male are more susceptible to develop symptomatic disease.•Trends of infection is unchanged in last 40 years.
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