We compute the leading, strong-interaction contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron, muon, and tau using lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) simulations. Calculations include ...the effects of u, d, s, and c quarks and are performed directly at the physical values of the quark masses and in volumes of linear extent larger than 6 fm. All connected and disconnected Wick contractions are calculated. Continuum limits are carried out using six lattice spacings. We obtain a_{e}^{LO-HVP}=189.3(2.6)(5.6)×10^{-14}, a_{μ}^{LO-HVP}=711.1(7.5)(17.4)×10^{-10} and a_{τ}^{LO-HVP}=341.0(0.8)(3.2)×10^{-8}, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic.
The post-translational conjugation of small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) to other proteins is involved in regulation of many processes in eukaryotic development; although its role in plant ...development is beginning to be dissected. Previously, we demonstrated that the siz1 mutant, which is impaired in SUMO E3 ligase, showed a dwarf-like shoot phenotype with accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), and the expression of nahG, a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase that catabolizes SA, in siz1 reduced the SA level and suppressed dwarfism. Herein, we provide evidence that the SIZ1 gene controls cell division and elongation through regulation of the SA level. Mature siz1-2 and siz1-3 plants exhibited a dwarf-like shoot phenotype that is attributable to decreased leaf cell volume and number relative to the wild type. Cell division and expansion defects caused by siz1 were also suppressed by the expression of nahG. Expression of XTH8 and XTH31, encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase, which are thought to facilitate leaf cell expansion, was down-regulated in siz1 leaves. However, reduced XTH8 and XTH31 expression in siz1 plants was restored in nahG siz1-2 plants. These results indicate that SIZ1 regulates cell growth and plant development with regulation of SA accumulation. Also, XTH8 and XTH31 genes may be responsible for reduced leaf cell expansion.
The Drosophila Dscam1 gene encodes a vast number of cell recognition molecules through alternative splicing. These exhibit isoform-specific homophilic binding and regulate self-avoidance, the ...tendency of neurites from the same cell to repel one another. Genetic experiments indicate that different cells must express different isoforms. How this is achieved is unknown, as expression of alternative exons in vivo has not been shown. Here, we modified the endogenous Dscam1 locus to generate splicing reporters for all variants of exon 4. We demonstrate that splicing does not occur in a cell-type-specific fashion, that cells sharing the same anatomical location in different individuals express different exon 4 variants, and that the splicing pattern in a given neuron can change over time. We conclude that splicing is probabilistic. This is compatible with a widespread role in neural circuit assembly through self-avoidance and is incompatible with models in which specific isoforms of Dscam1 mediate homophilic recognition between processes of different cells.
Display omitted
•Alternative splicing of Dscam1 is visualized in vivo using splicing reporters•Cell-type- or spatial-specific splicing patterns between animals are not observed•Alternative splicing of Dscam1 is probabilistic at the level of single neurons•Splicing patterns suggest a widespread role for Dscam1 in self-avoidance
In vivo analysis of Drosophila Dscam1 exon 4 expression in neurons shows that its alternative splicing occurs in a probabilistic fashion. No cell-type- or spatial-specific patterns of isoform expression were observed, supporting a model in which Dscam1 identity promotes self-avoidance but is unlikely to contribute to instructive interactions between different cells.
We compute the slope and curvature, at vanishing four-momentum transfer squared, of the leading order hadronic vacuum polarization function, using lattice quantum chromodynamics. Calculations are ...performed with 2+1+1 flavors of staggered fermions directly at the physical values of the quark masses and in volumes of linear extent larger than 6 fm. The continuum limit is carried out using six different lattice spacings. All connected and disconnected contributions are calculated, up to and including those of the charm.
Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with ferromagnetic electrodes possessing a perpendicular magnetic easy axis are of great interest as they have a potential for realizing next-generation high-density ...non-volatile memory and logic chips with high thermal stability and low critical current for current-induced magnetization switching. To attain perpendicular anisotropy, a number of material systems have been explored as electrodes, which include rare-earth/transition-metal alloys, L10-ordered (Co, Fe)–Pt alloys and Co/(Pd, Pt) multilayers. However, none of them so far satisfy high thermal stability at reduced dimension, low-current current-induced magnetization switching and high tunnel magnetoresistance ratio all at the same time. Here, we use interfacial perpendicular anisotropy between the ferromagnetic electrodes and the tunnel barrier of the MTJ by employing the material combination of CoFeB–MgO, a system widely adopted to produce a giant tunnel magnetoresistance ratio in MTJs with in-plane anisotropy. This approach requires no material other than those used in conventional in-plane-anisotropy MTJs. The perpendicular MTJs consisting of Ta/CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB/Ta show a high tunnel magnetoresistance ratio, over 120%, high thermal stability at dimension as low as 40 nm diameter and a low switching current of 49 μA.
There is no standard first-line chemotherapy for recurrent/metastatic (RM) or unresectable locally advanced (LA) salivary gland carcinoma (SGC).
We conducted a single institution, open-label, single ...arm, phase II trial of combined androgen blockade (CAB) for androgen receptor (AR)-positive SGC. Leuprorelin acetate was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 3.75mg every 4weeks. Bicalutamide was administered orally at a daily dose of 80mg. Patients were treated until progressive disease or unacceptable toxicities.
Thirty-six eligible patients were enrolled. Thirty-three patients had RM disease and three patients had LA disease. The pathological diagnoses were salivary duct carcinoma (34 patients, 94%) and adenocarcinoma, NOS (two patients, 6%). The best overall response rate was 41.7% n=15, 95% confidence interval (CI), 25.5%–59.2%, the clinical benefit rate was 75.0% (n=27, 95% CI, 57.8%–87.9%). The median progression-free survival was 8.8months (95% CI, 6.3–12.3months) and the median overall survival was 30.5months (95% CI, 16.8months to not reached). Additional analyses between treatment outcomes and clinicopathological factors or biomarkers including AR positivity, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status, and its complex downstream signaling pathway gene mutations showed no statistically significant differences. Elevated grade 3 liver transaminases and increased serum creatinine were reported in two patients, respectively. Discontinuation of leuprorelin acetate or bicalutamide due to adverse event occurred in one patient.
This study suggests that CAB has equivalent efficacy and less toxicity for patients with AR-positive RM or unresectable LA SGC compared with conventional chemotherapy, which warrants further study.
UMIN-CTR (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm), identification number: UMIN000005703
The NV centers in a diamond were successfully created by the femtosecond laser single pulse. We also investigated the effect on the diamond lattice induced by the different laser pulse widths from ...both experimental and theoretical perspectives. Interestingly, in spite of the high thermal conductivity of a diamond, we found that there is a suitable pulse repetition rate of several tens kHz for the formation of NV center ensembles by the femtosecond laser pulse irradiation.
•Tabs do not only enhance but also suppress jet entrainment and diffusion.•Tabs generally decreases entrainment velocity represented by velocity gradient.•Entrainment area significantly affects the ...entrainment rate.•Directional characteristics of jet diffusion can be controlled by optimizing tabs.
Effects of half delta-wing tabs on mixing and diffusion in an axisymmetric jet are experimentally investigated. The tabs are installed at the jet exit circumferentially with an equal interval. The number of the tab is varied from 1 to 6. The jet Reynolds number is set to 20,000. Instantaneous streamwise and radial (vertical or horizontal) velocities and temperature are mainly measured by a composite probe which consists of an X-type hot-wire and an I-type cold-wire. The results show that mixing with the ambient fluid is more enhanced with increasing the number of the tab near the jet exit. However, in the downstream region, it is suppressed in the cases with 4, 5, and 6 tabs and most suppressed in the case with 6 tabs, while it is most enhanced in the case with 3 tabs. The analysis based on the mean velocity distribution indicates that, although the spatially-averaged entrainment velocity is basically decreased by the tabs, the mixing and entrainment can be enhanced when the entrainment area is significantly increased. Thermal diffusion is more enhanced with increasing the number of the tab near the jet exit but, in the downstream region, it is equivalent or suppressed in the cases with the tabs. These results are caused by the mixed effects of the tabs: enhancement of not only mixing and diffusion but also the energy dissipation. The present study suggests that it is feasible to both promote and suppress mixing of the jet by the half delta-wing tabs, and directional characteristics of the jet diffusion can be controlled by optimizing configuration of the tabs.
This paper deals with the gasification reactivity and kinetic modeling of biomass chars derived from a wide range of plant origins. For most chars studied, the gasification reactivity increased with ...increasing conversion or exhibited a maximum in high conversion range. Common theoretical models could not account for these peculiarities. A semi-empirical gasification kinetic model was proposed on the basis of modifying random pore model, which was found to be capable of describing the experimental data well over the entire conversion range for 14 biomass chars studied. It was found that the fitting parameters introduced in the modified random pore model predicted well the amount of the active potassium (K) in biomass chars. The results led to a reasonable conclusion that the maximum rate at high conversion range was mainly attributed to the catalytic effect of K.
PDF
