In this paper, activated carbons were prepared from lignocellulosic residue using microwave-induced chemical activation process, for removal of phenol (PhOH) from aqueous solutions. Wood chips and ...inorganic components (20% lime+80% ZnCl2 or 20% lime+40% ZnCl2+40% FeCl3) were mixed to form pastes with inorganic:organic ratios of 1.0 and 1.5 (PZnCW-1.0; PZnCW-1.5; PFeZnCW-1.0; PFeZnCW-1.5). The mixtures were pyrolysed in a microwave in less than 11min. Afterwards a 6molL−1 HCl was used to treat the carbonised materials, under reflux, to eliminate the inorganic components—producing the activated carbons (ZnCW-1.0; ZnCW-1.5; FeZnCW-1.0; FeZnCW-1.5). Elemental analysis, FTIR, SEM, N2 adsorption/desorption curves, TGA, XRD and X-ray fluorescence were used to characterise both intermediary materials and activated carbons. The results indicated that activated carbons had an ordered mesoporous and microporous structure with a high SBET ranging from 647 to 914m2g−1, Vtot of 0.34–0.52cm3g−1 and Vmes between 0.14 and 0.27cm3g−1. For the adsorption experiment, pseudo first-order, pseudo-second order and Avrami fractional-order kinetic models were used to probe the kinetic of adsorption. Equilibrium time was attained after 10.4min only. The maximum amounts of phenol adsorbed onto activated carbons at 25°C were 434.2, 667.9, 256.5 and 233.5mgg−1 for ZnCW-1.0, ZnCW-1.5, FeZnCW-1.0 and FeZnCW-1.5, respectively. ZnCW-1.0 and ZnCW-1.5 exhibited excellent performance in the treatment of simulated effluents contaminated with mixtures of phenols in a complex medium.
•Microwave-assisted activated carbons were prepared from lignocellulosic residue.•ZnCW-1.0, ZnCW-1.5, FeZnCW-1.0 and FeZnCW-1.5 activated carbons were prepared.•Qmax adsorbed onto adsorbents were 434.2, 667.9, 256.5 and 233.5mgg−1 respectively.•Avrami fractional-order kinetic model suitably explained the adsorption process.•ca. 95% for the removal of phenols compounds into two simulated industrial effluents
Since little information is available regarding cellular antigen mapping and the involvement of non-neuronal cells in the pathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection, it were ...determined the BHV-5 distribution, the astrocytic reactivity, the involvement of lymphocytes and the presence of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in the brain of rabbits experimentally infected with BHV-5. Twelve New Zealand rabbits that were seronegative for BHV-5 were used for virus inoculation, and five rabbits were used as mock-infected controls. The rabbits were kept in separate areas and were inoculated intranasally with 500 μl of virus suspension (EVI 88 Brazilian isolate) into each nostril (virus titer, 107.5 TCID50). Control rabbits were inoculated with the same volume of minimum essential medium. Five days before virus inoculation, the rabbits were submitted to daily administration of dexamethasone. After virus inoculation, the rabbits were monitored clinically on a daily basis. Seven rabbits showed respiratory symptoms and four animals exhibited neurological symptoms. Tissue sections were collected for histological examination and immunohistochemistry to examine BHV-5 antigens, astrocytes, T and B lymphocytes and MMP-9. By means of immunohistochemical and PCR methods, BHV-5 was detected in the entire brain of the animals which presented with neurological symptoms, especially in the trigeminal ganglion and cerebral cortices. Furthermore, BHV-5 antigens were detected in neurons and/or other non-neural cells. In addition to the neurons, most infiltrating CD3 T lymphocytes observed in these areas were positive for MMP-9 and also for BHV-5 antigen. These infected cells might contribute to the spread of the virus to the rabbit brain along the trigeminal ganglia and olfactory nerve pathways.
► Neuropathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 infection was tested in rabbits. ► The virus was detected throughout the brains by both PCR and immunohistochemistry. ► T lymphocytes predominated in the brains of animals that showed neurological signs. ► Matrix metalloproteinase 9 were detected in association with T lymphocytes. ► Viral spread seems to be correlated with T lymphocytes and MMP-9.
ObjectiveTo identify clusters of peripheral involvement according to the specific location of peripheral manifestations (ie, arthritis, enthesitis and dactylitis) in patients with spondyloarthritis ...(SpA) including psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and to evaluate whether these clusters correspond with the clinical diagnosis of a rheumatologist.MethodsCross-sectional study with 24 participating countries. Consecutive patients diagnosed by their rheumatologist as PsA, axial SpA or peripheral SpA were enrolled. Four different cluster analyses were conducted: one using information on the specific location from all the peripheral manifestations, and a cluster analysis for each peripheral manifestation, separately. Multiple correspondence analyses and k-means clustering methods were used. Distribution of peripheral manifestations and clinical characteristics were compared across the different clusters.ResultsThe different cluster analyses performed in the 4465 patients clearly distinguished a predominantly axial phenotype (cluster 1) and a predominantly peripheral phenotype (cluster 2). In the predominantly axial phenotype, hip involvement and lower limb large joint arthritis, heel enthesitis and lack of dactylitis were more prevalent. In the predominantly peripheral phenotype, different subgroups were distinguished based on the type and location of peripheral involvement: a predominantly involvement of upper versus lower limbs joints, a predominantly axial enthesitis versus peripheral enthesitis, and predominantly finger versus toe involvement in dactylitis. A poor agreement between the clusters and the rheumatologist‘s diagnosis as well as with the classification criteria was found.ConclusionThese results suggest the presence of two main phenotypes (predominantly axial and predominantly peripheral) based on the presence and location of the peripheral manifestations.
The present work aimed to evaluate plant injury caused by residues in the soil of the formulated mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic to a nontolerant genotype of rice (IRGA 417) drilled at 371 and ...705 d after herbicide application (DAA). Herbicide carryover reduced up to 55% of the grain yield of the IRGA 417 drilled at 371 DAA, and plant injury was still evident at 705 DAA but without grain yield reduction. Nomenclature: Imazethapyr; imazapic; rice, Oryza sativa L. ‘IRGA 417’
Under the pseudoinverse control, robots with kinematical redundancy exhibit an undesirable chaotic joint motion which leads to an erratic behavior. This paper studies the complexity of fractional ...dynamics of the chaotic response. Fourier and wavelet analysis provides a deeper insight, helpful to know better the lack of repeatability problem of redundant manipulators. This perspective for the study of the chaotic phenomena will permit the development of superior trajectory control algorithms.
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•Main configurations exhibit binding energy characteristic of physical adsorption.•We observed a predominance of π–π interactions between dyes and nanotubes.•Binding energy between ...dyes and nanotubes increases as the nanotube diameter grows.•Nanotubes with vacancy possess lower binding energies than those without vacancy.
Ab initio simulation based on the density-functional theory was used to evaluate the interaction between the pristine (5,5) and (8,0) Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) and two synthetic dyes (Acridine Orange and Methylene Blue) as well as Anthracene molecule. The interaction between this molecules with pristine (5,5) and (8,0) SWCNT as well as one vacancy (5,5) and (8,0) SWCNT, was also investigated. Moreover, to appraise the effects on dyes+SWCNT interaction due to the SWCNT diameter, we compared the dyes+pristine SWCNT (5,5); (8,0) configurations with those of dyes+pristine SWCNT (16,0) and (25,0). The results showed that the main configurations exhibit an average binding energy 0.75eV (or 72.36kJmol−1), a characteristic of physical adsorption. Similarly, the SWCNT with one vacancy present lower binding energies than the SWCNT without vacancy, except the case of Methylene Blue+SWCNT. Furthermore, the dyes+SWCNT (5,5) present greater binding energies than dyes+SWCNT (8,0). Generally, significant changes in molecular structure and electronic character of SWCNT were not observed. Dyes+pristine SWCNT (5,5) and (8,0) present lower binding energies compare to respective dyes+pristine SWCNT (16,0) and (25,0). These results are very promising because they suggest that SWCNTs are suitable for real textile wastewater treatment.
A Miocene succession exposed at the Cabo Ledo and Miradouro da Lua sections in the Onshore Kwanza Basin, Angola, was examined for palynology. Palynomorphs of preliminary late Miocene age identified ...are presented herein. The upper part of the Quifangondo Formation is dated as middle Tortonian in age based on the co-occurrence of the pollen grain Fenestrites spinosus and the dinoflagellate species Selenopemphix armageddonensis. The palynomorph signature indicates a middle neritic marine environment dominated by dinoflagellate cyst taxa.
A late Miocene (late Tortonian to Messinian) age is also documented for the first time at the base of the Luanda Formation based on the co-occurrence of the pollen taxa Echitricolporites spinosus, Fenestrites spinosus, Fenestrites longispinosus, Monoporopollenites annulatus, and Retistephanocolpites gracilis. The palynomorph signature of this unit reflects an inner neritic marine (coastal/lagoon transitional) environment dominated by terrestrial palynomorphs and very rare dinoflagellate cyst taxa.
The present research contributes data for improving the stratigraphical framework of the Quifangondo and Luanda formations, both of which are recognized as the main potential source rocks and reservoirs of the Post-Salt Paleogene/Neogene Petroleum System of the Kwanza Basin. This significant contribution provides important biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental data for defining the vital temporal horizons of these settings in a basin where petroleum exploration is of interest.
•Preliminary palynostratigraphic ages of the Quifangondo and Luanda formations.•Palaeoenvironmental interpretation based on palynomorphs.•Improvement of the Miocene Kwanza Basin stratigraphy.•Contribution to the key temporal horizons of the Post-Salt petroleum system.
To report results of early ophthalmologic examinations in a large cohort of newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) after neonatal screening.
Cross-sectional analysis of a cohort.
A total of 178 ...newborns with confirmed CT from 146,307 screened babies (95% of live births) from Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil.
From November 2006 to May 2007, newborns underwent neonatal screening by immunoglobulin (Ig)M capture of dried blood samples. On all positive or suspected cases, confirmative serology was performed on babies and their mothers. Congenital toxoplasmosis was confirmed in newborns who had IgM and/or IgA and IgG, or IgG associated with suggestive ocular lesions (with IgM and IgG in the mother). Ophthalmologic evaluation consisted of indirect ophthalmoscopy with a lid speculum. Pediatric examination and radiologic studies of the central nervous system were also performed. In selected cases, biomicroscopy of the anterior segment, fundus photographs, or ultrasonography (B-scan) was performed.
Prevalence of retinochoroidal lesions, either cicatricial or active, and their location and associated findings, such as vascular sheathing, hemorrhage, vitreous opacities, and retinal detachment, were evaluated. The occurrence of cataract, microphthalmia, microcephaly, intracranial calcification, and hydrocephalus was also recorded.
Of 146,307 neonates screened, 190 had CT, yielding a prevalence of 1 in 770 live births, of whom 178 (93.7%) underwent standardized ophthalmologic examination at an average age of 55.6+/-16.6 days. Of these 178 infants, 142 (79.8%) had retinochoroidal lesions consistent with CT in at least 1 eye. Bilateral involvement was noted in 113 patients (63.5%). Macular involvement was seen in 165 eyes (46.3%) of 111 patients (62.4%). Active lesions were observed in 142 eyes (39.9%) of 85 patients (47.8%). These lesions were located in the macula of 75 eyes (21.1%) and were associated with retinal vascular sheathing in 44 eyes (12.4%).
A high prevalence of CT was encountered (1/770) with high rates of early retinochoroidal involvement ( approximately 80%) and many active lesions (in approximately 50%), indicating a possibly more severe ocular involvement by CT in Brazil than in other parts of the world. The hypotheses of higher parasite virulence and increased individual susceptibility are being currently investigated.
Four magnetic biochars (MBs) were prepared from two mixtures of Sappeli sawdust with NiCl2 solution or Sappeli sawdust with NiCl2 plus ZnCl2 solutions. These mixtures formed two pastes that were ...dried and further pyrolyzed at 700 °C under nitrogen flow. The pyrolyzed material was leached out with 0.1 M HCl under conventional reflux (AL- 80 °C, 2 h) or assisted by ultrasound-leaching (US- 15 min, 600 W), obtaining four biochars: SNiAL, SNiUS, SNiZnAL, SNiZnUS. The biochars were characterized by VSM, XRD, FTIR, isotherms of adsorption and desorption of nitrogen, pHpzc, hydrophobically characteristics (HI), TGA, elemental analysis (CHN/O). The data show that using the leaching process assisted by ultrasound can obtain biochars that present good magnetization saturation, with a lower leaching time than conventional leaching. The four biochar were tested as adsorbents to remove ten emerging contaminants and four dyes of aqueous effluents. It was observed that the impregnation of zinc chloride in the samples led to an increase in the surface areas of the magnetic biochars, which influenced the most of sorption capacities of the adsorbents for the different sorbing species. Making a ratio of sorption capacities of SNiAL/SNiZnAL and SNiUS/SNiZnUS, it was obtained the values, respectively, of 0.9761, and 0.9710 (Acid Red 1), 2.057, and 3.030 (Reactive Blue 4), 4.192, and 1.971 (Basic Violet 3), 3.359, and 1.129 (Basic Green 1), 1.673, and 1.835 (Paracetamol), 3.612, and 3.779 (Propranolol), 5.871, and 5.171 (Sodium Diclofenac), 1.457, and 1.607 (Nicotinamide), 1.094 and 1.093 (Caffeine), 1.167, and 2.398 (4-chloroaniline), 1.009 and 0.9965 (2-nitrophenol), 1.156 and 1.341 (Resorcinol), 1.299 and 1.331 (Hydroquinone), 0.9975 and 1.019 (4-bromophenol).
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