Cephalosomatic anastomosis requires neuroprotective techniques, such as deep hypothermia, to preserve brain activity. Despite the failure of pharmacologic neuroprotection, new strategies, including ...ischemic pre- and postconitioning and the use of Perftoran, have to be explored to complement hypothermia. This article summarizes the field of brain protection during CSA and these promising strategies.
Aging is the phenotype resulting from accumulation of genetic, cellular, and molecular damages. Many factors have been identified as either the cause or consequence of age-related decline in ...functions and repair mechanisms. The hypothalamus is the source and a target of many of these factors and hormones responsible for the overall homeostasis in the body. With advanced age, the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to various feedback signals begins to decline. In recent years, several aging-related genes have been identified and their signaling pathways elucidated. These gene products include mTOR, IKK-β/NF-κB complex, and HIF-1α, an important cellular survival signal. All of these activators/modulators of the aging process have also been identified in the hypothalamus and shown to play crucial roles in nutrient sensing, metabolic regulation, energy balance, reproductive function, and stress adaptation. This illustrates the central role of the hypothalamus in aging. Inside the mitochondria, succinate is one of the most prominent intermediates of the Krebs cycle. Succinate oxidation in mitochondria provides the most powerful energy output per unit time. Extra-mitochondrial succinate triggers a host of succinate receptor (SUCN1 or GPR91)-mediated signaling pathways in many peripheral tissues including the hypothalamus. One of the actions of succinate is to stabilize the hypoxia and cellular stress conditions by inducing the transcriptional regulator HIF-1α. Through these actions, it is hypothesized that succinate has the potential to restore the gradual but significant loss in functions associated with cellular senescence and systemic aging.
•Mauthner neurons were used as a model for studying the cell adaptation during wintering.•In summer, glycogen is present as single granules. At the wintering, concentrated fields are formed from ...glycogen granules.•There is a relationship between glycogen fields and smooth reticulum.•There is the invagination of mitochondria immediately into glycogen fields.•MN may have their own systems of glycolysis, glycogenesis, and storage of glycogen.
Mauthner neurons (MN)*, specific multifunctional neurons of fish, are a unique object for investigating the adaptive potentialities of the cell. The goal of the work was to study the structure of MN of fish Percсottus glehni during wintering under the conditions of hypothermia and deficit of oxygen and energy substrates. It was shown using a light microscope that the volume of the somatic moiety of neurons changes slightly at the beginning of wintering and is significantly reduced by the termination of wintering. It was found on the ultrastructural level that, at the beginning of wintering, glycogen exists in the central cytoplasm of MN in the form of large concentrated fields consisting of separate granules, whereas in the summer period the granules are distributed diffusely throughout the cell. In the vicinity of glycogen fields, lamellar structures of the smooth reticulum were seen. At the boundaries of glycogen fields, the aggregation of mitochondria and their active intrusion into glycogen fields were evident. By the end of wintering, the amount of glycogen significantly decreased, which was accompanied by a reduction of the smooth reticulum and rare contacts of mitochondria with glycogen fields.
We assume that, because MN have a broader range of metabolic and functional possibilities than usual neurons in which glycogen is lacking or its content is negligible, they possess their own systems of glycolysis, glyconeogenesis, and deposition of glycogen. This allows them to maintain a sufficient level of energy supply under anaerobic conditions for performing the function of “guard neurons” during wintering.
Design of an effective succinate-based agent for the use in sports has required a profound analysis of the main action mechanisms of the agent in question. Our paper reflects basic principles, which ...are decisive for the design of the offered succinate-based agent to increase the organism performance and the rate of recovery after intensive physical loading. We have treated a special role of the metabolic conversions of succinate in energy exchange of mithochondria: high energy efficiency, possibility of beneficial oxidation under oxygen deprivation, anaerobic formation and possible consequences of the above phenomenon. The listed key factors have determined the applications of succinate in practice in order to maintain the energy exchange as well as design a number of anti-hypoxia means. It is assumed that the treated peculiarities of the succinate metabolism can provide the basis for formation of a signal, regulatory role of this molecule in the organism environment.
Succinate as a mobilization cue Maevsky, Eugene I; Vasilyeva, Anna A; Kozhurin, Mikhail V ...
Cardiometry,
11/2020
17
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Succinic acid, being a metabolite of the Krebs cycle and the end product of anaerobic transformations in mitochondria, functions outside mitochondria and cells as a regulatory signal. In the cytosol, ...micromolar amounts of succinate stabilize the transcriptional hypoxia-inducible factor HIF, which triggers the genes responsible for adaptation to hypoxia. Outside the cells, succinate activates the SUCNR1 receptor, which increases the concentration of intracellular calcium. The effect of short bursts of endogenous succinate accumulation and signaling after hypoxia/ischemia, or extreme glucose use from physical exercise should be distinguished from the effect of a permanently increased level of endogenous succinate under pathology (obesity, diabetes mellitus, chronic ischemia, succinate dehydrogenase damage). A short succinate signal triggers an adaptive response by an organism. Prolonged rise and highly elevated levels of endogenous succinate is a pro-inflammatory, damaging factor that can contribute to the progression of neoplasms. Use of succinate-containing compositions at a dose of 0.5-5 millimole can only provide a short signal. This is due to the positive effect of a number of succinate-containing agents.
Effects of the low temperature argon plasma (LTAP) in intact and regenerating planarians are studied. The LTAP actions were specified as activating or inhibiting using stem cells proliferation and ...the regenerative blastema growth, and the expression level of wound‐specific genes responsible for regeneration. The activating mode of LTAP treatment does not induce the generation of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) but the inhibiting mode of LTAP treatment causes the oxidative stress response in planarian tissue without DNA damage. The results indicate that LTAP wound healing action in planarians could be similar in cellular and molecular mechanisms of the higher organisms including humans. The effects of LTAP irradiation as a factor of the low intensity are discussed from standpoint of the hormesis hypothesis.
Using “in vivo” flatworms (planarians) biological model we show for the first time that the low temperature argon plasma (the LTAP) stimulates or inhibits planarian regeneration process depending from the modes of action applied. It is found that observable LTAP effects are mediated by its impact on the genes expression and the proliferation of planarian stem cells, the neoblasts.
Clinical experience of Perftoran (commercial drug of low concentrated perfluorocheminal emulsion) applications is presented in some statistical data and in brief analysis of clinical trials and ...following clinical studies described in the Russian scientific literature. Observed data allow us to suppose that Perftoran facilitates oxygen delivery together with remaining red blood cells at blood replacements and will have more wider area for application than just a blood substitute. Its infusion alleviates symptoms of ischemia at different types of occlusion vessels disease, improves grafting in plastic surgery, diminishes inflammation and prevents rejection of transplants, activates detoxication functions of liver, inhibits retro-virus infection development. Local PF applications is able to accelerate wounds and ulcers healing.
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