This review attempts to give a survey on the last most representative developments and progress dealing with ionic liquids from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic ...processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.
This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.
Brought to life more than half a century ago and successfully applied for high-value petrochemical intermediates production, nickel-catalyzed olefin oligomerization is still a very dynamic topic, ...with many fundamental questions to address and industrial challenges to overcome. The unique and versatile reactivity of nickel enables the oligomerization of ethylene, propylene, and butenes into a wide range of oligomers that are highly sought-after in numerous fields to be controlled. Interestingly, both homogeneous and heterogeneous nickel catalysts have been scrutinized and employed to do this. This rare specificity encouraged us to interlink them in this review so as to open up opportunities for further catalyst development and innovation. An in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanisms in play is essential to being able to fine-tune the selectivity and achieve efficiency in the rational design of novel catalytic systems. This review thus provides a complete overview of the subject, compiling the main fundamental/industrial milestones and remaining challenges facing homogeneous/heterogeneous approaches as well as emerging catalytic concepts, with a focus on the last 10 years.
The acidity scale of different Brønsted acids in ionic liquids such as BMIMNTf2, BMIMBF4, and BMMIMBF4 has been investigated by determination of Hammett functions, using a spectrophotometric ...indicator method. This scale should permit one to correlate the acidity strength of ionic liquid systems with their ability to achieve acid-catalyzed reactions.
Fractional calculus and the ESR test Vanterler da C. Sousa, J.; Capelas de Oliveira, E.; A. Magna, L.
AIMS mathematics,
01/2017, Volume:
2, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
We consider the partial differential equation of a mathematical model proposed by Sharmaet al. 1 to describe the concentration of nutrients in blood, a factor which influences ...erythrocytesedimentation rate. Introducing in it a fractional derivative in the Caputo sense, we create a new, timefractionalmathematical model which contains, as a particular case, the original model. We obtainan analytic solution of this time-fractional partial differential equation in terms of Mittag-Leffler andWright functions and to show that our model is more realistic than the Sharma model.
•Evaluation of the performances of two in-clinic tests for canine leptospirosis.•Positive results on the in-clinic tests are highly suggestive of infection.•Negative results need further diagnostic ...investigation to exclude the infection.
The early diagnosis of acute leptospirosis is still a major challenge in dogs. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the suitability of two in-clinic tests detecting anti-leptospiral IgM and IgG antibodies in diagnosing canine leptospirosis. The performances of the two rapid tests were compared to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) carried out on acute sera and to diagnostic criteria adopted in this study to confirm leptospirosis infection (MAT upon admission, convalescent MAT and quantitative real-time PCR on blood and/or urine). The dogs were enrolled on the basis of reported exposure to known risk factors and clinical presentation (acute kidney injury and/or systemic inflammatory response syndrome with multi-organ damage). Eighty-nine dogs included in the study were sub-grouped on the basis of the results of the diagnostic criteria adopted: (1) confirmed leptospirosis cases (42/89 dogs); (2) negative leptospirosis cases (36/89 dogs); and (3) unconfirmed leptospirosis cases (11/89 dogs). The results supported the usefulness of the two rapid diagnostic tests as a first in-clinic screening tool for suspected leptospirosis; positive results in the in-clinic tests in dogs with suggestive clinical and laboratory signs strongly indicated acute leptospirosis, while negative results required additional diagnostic investigation to exclude the infection. Confirmatory tests recommended for canine leptospirosis are still necessary in addition to the use of rapid in-clinic tests.
We present the validation of a recent fractional mathematical model for erythrocyte sedimentation proposed by Sousa et al. (AIMS Math 2(4):692–705,
2017
). The model uses a Caputo fractional ...derivative to build a time-fractional diffusion equation suitable to predict blood sedimentation rates. This validation was carried out by means of erythrocyte sedimentation tests in laboratory. Data on sedimentation rates (percentages) were analyzed and compared with the analytical solution of the time-fractional diffusion equation. The behavior of the analytical solution related to each blood sample sedimentation data was described and analyzed.
We present a new approach to the validation of a fractional mathematical model that describes erythrocyte sedimentation rates using a diffusion equation with a Caputo fractional derivative. We ...discuss the experimental data obtained and plot their graphs. We analyze the graphs to validate our model.
Ionic liquids are attracting a great deal of attention as possible replacement for conventional molecular solvents for catalytic and organic reactions. They complete the use of environmentally ...friendly water, supercritical fluids or perfluorinated solvents. Features that make ionic liquids attractive include their lack of vapor pressure and the great versatility of their chemical and physical properties. By a judicious combination of cations and anions, it is possible to adjust the solvent properties to the requirement of the reactions, thus creating an almost indefinitely set of “designer solvents”. Besides the possibility of recycling the catalytic system, one main potential interest in using ionic liquids results in the unique interactions of these media with the active species and in the possibility to modify the reaction activity and selectivity. Their successful use as solvents has been demonstrated for a wide range of organic reactions including acid catalyzed reactions and transition metal catalyzed transformations.
Background: Graft‐vs.‐host disease (GVHD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT). The aim of our study was to identify the ...most relevant histological features for diagnosis of chronic Graft‐vs.‐Host Disease (cGVHD) in oral mucosa and minor salivary glands of 25 patients, as well as to evaluate the immunophenotype of the inflammatory cells.
Methods: Sixteen patients that were submitted to allogeneic BMT but did not present cGVHD were selected as a control group. The sections were studied on H & E and CD68, CD45, CD4, CD8, CD20 staining.
Results: The most frequent histologic findings in oral mucosa at the day of diagnosis of cGVHD were: hydropic degeneration of the basal layer of the epithelium, apoptotic bodies, lymphocytic infiltration, and focal or total cleavage between the epithelial and connective tissue. In the labial salivary glands (LSG), lymphocytic infiltration, acinar loss and fibrosis were the main alterations. Cytotoxic CD8‐T cells and macrophages were predominant both in the epithelium and connective tissue, as well as in minor salivary glands.
Conclusions: Histological features were useful in the diagnosis of oral cGVHD. It is suggested that CD8‐T cells and macrophages play important role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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