Summary
Background
The majority of aesthetic treatments today are nonsurgical or minimally invasive aesthetic procedures. Soft‐tissue augmentation with hyaluronic acid (HA) is one of them. Lip ...fullness and definition are key aesthetic factors associated with attractiveness, which is the reason that lip augmentation with HA fillers has become so popular.
Objective
To provide a systematic review of published medical literature on the effectiveness and safety of different HA fillers used to enhance overall lip fullness.
Methods and materials
The literature search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty‐two studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, 9 of them with level of evidence (LOE) 1b (randomized controlled trials), 1 with LOE 2b (individual cohort study), and 12 with LOE 4 (case series, poor‐quality cohort, and case‐control studies). A total number of subjects included in all studies were 3965.
Results
Hyaluronic acid fillers turned out to be an effective and safe treatment. The assessment methods (especially for efficacy) varied greatly from one study to another. Observed responses to the treatment in studies using different lip fullness scales varied between 71% and 93.2%. The most common adverse events were local reactions at the injection sites (swelling, contusion, bruising, pain, redness, and itching).
Conclusion
Based on the results of the studies included in this systematic review, HA fillers are effective and safe to use. The majority of included subjects were satisfied with the result and their looks.
Our aim was to evaluate health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) of the patients with critical illness neuropathy and/or myopathy after severe COVID-19 during their rehabilitation. The prospective ...cohort study included 157 patients (median age 64 years) admitted to rehabilitation. HRQoL was assessed the using European Quality 5-Dimensions questionnaire EQ-5D index , range 0(or exceptionally less) to 1, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), range 0-100, which was completed by the patients at admission and discharge. Additionally, they were assessed with the de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI), the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Median EQ-5D index was 0.32 and median EQ VAS was 48 at admission, and median EQ-5D index was 0.61 and median EQ VAS 80 at discharge. Some or extreme problems were reported by 154 (98%) patients regarding the mobility dimension, 151 (96%) regarding usual activities, 136 (87%) regarding self-care, 84 (54%) regarding pain or discomfort dimension, and 52 patients (34%) regarding anxiety or depression at admission. At discharge, some or extreme problems were still reported by 96 patients (61%) regarding mobility, 95 (61%) regarding usual activities, 70 patients (45%) regarding pain or discomfort, 46 (29%) regarding self-care, and 19 patients (12%) regarding anxiety or depression. At the same time, the patients exhibited significant improvements in the DEMMI (median increased from 41 to 67 points), 6MWT (from 60 to 293 m) and motor FIM (from 56 to 84 points). The improvement of the self-reported HRQoL was, thus, paralleled by the improvements in clinician-assessed mobility, walking endurance and functional independence.
Since the first implantation in July 2001, the intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy for patients with generalized spasticity has been used in Slovenia for 20 years. The aim of this retrospective study ...was to evaluate the rates of different complications, especially if catheter-related complications were less frequent after the introduction of the coated catheter type in February 2013, and the potential correlation between higher baclofen doses and the incidence of complications. We retrospectively collected data from all patients in the registry during the period from 3 July 2001 to 31 December 2021. Among 138 patients (48 females), 120 patients had the first ITB system implanted at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana. Forty-three complications were reported in 38 patients (27%), with a total complication rate of 0.203/1000 days or 0.074/pump year. The most frequent was catheter-related (0.083/1000 days or 0.030/pump year), followed by skin-related (0.063/1000 days or 0.023/pump year) and pump-related complication (0.026/1000 days or 0.009/pump year). The incidence of catheter-related complications decreased significantly since the use of Ascenda type catheter: 14/7 complications per 88/147 implantations ( P = 0.008). Patients with complications had a statistically significantly higher dose of baclofen: median 400 µg/24h vs. median 300 µg/24h ( P = 0.016). Our retrospective analysis confirmed a significant decrease of catheter-related complications after the implementation of Ascenda type catheter in February 2013. Patients with a higher ITB dose had a statistically significantly higher incidence of complications. The total complication rate was a bit higher as previously reported in other studies, which is consistent with a long follow-up time.
Recent evidence suggests that whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) may be beneficial for patients with fibromyalgia (FM), but little is known about the duration of such effects. The purpose of this study ...was to verify the duration of clinical–functional benefits after one cycle of WBC. We conducted a follow-up study on the medium and long-term effects of WBC on well-being, use of pain-relieving/anti-inflammatory medications, pain level, fatigue, sleep quality, and psychological aspects such as mood and anxiety. Twelve months after discharge, we administered a 10 min follow-up telephone interview with FM patients with obesity who had undergone ten 2 min WBC sessions at −110 °C as part of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation program (n = 23) and with patients who had undergone rehabilitation alone (n = 23). Both groups reported positive changes after the rehabilitation program, and similar results regarding fatigue, mood, and anxiety scores; however, the implementation of ten sessions of WBC over two weeks produced additional benefits in pain, general well-being status, and sleep quality with beneficial effects lasting 3–4 months. Therefore, our findings suggest that adding WBC to a rehabilitation program could exert stronger positive effects to improve key aspects of FM such as general well-being, pain level, and sleep quality.
Rehabilitation programs after amputation often include fitting a prosthesis, but prescriptions vary under similar circumstances. The US Medicare Functional Classification Level (K-level) is a scale ...for describing functional abilities of persons after lower-limb amputation (from 0 = no ability or potential to ambulate, to 4 = prosthetic demands of a child/active adult/athlete). Different outcome measures are used to assess K-level, including six-minute walk test (6MWT). We attempted to predict the assigned K-level of unilateral transtibial prosthesis users from their results of 6MWT and one-leg standing test on prosthesis (OLSTP). Outpatients who had been rehabilitated and fitted with transtibial prosthesis at the University Rehabilitation Institute in Ljubljana in 2014 were included in a retrospective audit. The data were analysed using receiver-operating-characteristics curves, linear discriminant analysis, classification trees and ordinal logistic regression. Among the 120 patients (aged 39-90, mean 67 years; 79% men), eight belonged to K1 level, 94 to K2, and 18 to K3 or K4; 61 could not stand on the prosthesis, eight stood on it for 1 s, and 51 stood on it for 2 s or more. With a simple classification rule based only on 6MWT (130 m threshold for K2/K3/K4 vs. K1, 340 m for K3/K4 vs. K1/K2), we observed sensitivity and specificity close to 90%. The more sophisticated statistical approaches yielded substantially similar and comparably accurate results. 6MWT and OLST could therefore be used as predictors for transtibial prosthesis prescription in clinical practice.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection often causes pneumonia and respiratory failure that may lead to postintensive care syndrome, including critical illness ...neuropathy (CIN) and critical illness myopathy (CIM). The data on the rehabilitation outcomes of post-novel coronavirus disease (COVID) patients with CIN and CIM following respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation are still limited. To address this, we enrolled in our prospective observational study a sample of 50 consecutive COVID-19 patients admitted to our facility between 2 November 2020 and 3 May 2021 with electrophysiologically confirmed or clinically suspected diagnosis of CIN/CIM. The functional abilities were assessed at admission and discharge with the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, 10-metre walk test, 6-min walk test and the de Morton Mobility Index. The gain in motor FIM and the length of stay were used as an index of rehabilitation efficiency. Nutritional status was also assessed using anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical Impedance analysis. Psychologic evaluation was performed at admission only. At admission, functional limitations and severe malnutrition were present in all patients with psychologic problems in about one third. At discharge (42 ± 16 days later), clinically important and statistically significant improvements were found in all outcome measures, which was also noted by the patients. The gain in motor FIM was larger with the longer length of stay up to 2 months and plateaued thereafter. We conclude that post-COVID-19 patients who develop CIN/CIM following respiratory failure can improve functional and nutritional status during inpatient rehabilitation.
Clinical dietitians play a crucial role in the nutritional support of patients at risk of malnutrition in primary care settings. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of an individualized ...nutritional intervention on clinically relevant outcomes for patients with chronic disease at nutritional risk.
A longitudinal evaluation study was conducted in two Slovenian primary health centres. We used pre-test and post-test design. Patients with chronic disease were screened using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool and additional risk factors (≥70 years and BMI <22 kg/m
; lower food intake in the last five days). Patients at nutritional risk were referred to a clinical dietitian for individual nutritional intervention. The effect of the nutritional intervention was assessed six months after the patients' first visit with a clinical dietitian.
The sample included 94 patients. Nutritional risk was reduced significantly in high-risk and moderate-risk patients. In a subgroup of patients with a MUST score ≥1 (77 patients), body weight, BMI, Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI), energy intake, and protein intake increased significantly (p<0.001). At the same time, the phase angle significantly increased (p<0.001), but there were no statistically significant changes in the improvement of grip strength. In a subgroup of patients with MUST score 0 (17 patients), we observed an increase in their median daily energy intake (p<0.001) and median protein intake (p=0.003).
Nutritional intervention delivered by a clinical dietitian improved patients' nutritional intake and nutritional and functional status.
The aim of this study was to determine how end-of-life decisions (EOLD) on limitations of life-sustaining treatment (LST) are made in three different types of intensive care units (ICUs) in Slovenia.
...A national multicenter prospective study among 31 adult and three pediatric/neonatal ICUs (PICUs). The questionnaire form on EOLD was designed to assess the clinical practice. Data were collected between January 1, 2013, and March 31, 2013. For statistical analysis we used IBM® SPSS® Statistics 20 software package.
Overall, of 4226 patients were admitted to ICUs, the EOLD on limitation of LST were performed in 112 patients (23.9%) out of 468 patients, which had died and/or had been subject to EOLD on limitation of LST. In 86.2% of the cases, patients had impaired competence. Advance directives were available only in 1.9% (2 out of 106 patients) of the cases. In the majority of cases, the EOLD was taken by the physicians (96.2%). In 61.8% of the cases, patient representatives were involved in the discussion about limitation of LST. The do-not-resuscitate order and withholding of inotropes/vasopressors were the most common measures to limit LST. Most commonly withdrawn were inotropes/vasopressors and antibiotics. Palliative care was included in 72.3% of the cases (80 out of 112 patients), however, palliative care team was only included in 4% of the cases.
No differences were found between the three different types of ICUs in EOLD on limitation of LST even though limitation of LST was provided regularly. The most commonly limited LST measures include mechanical ventilation, inotropes/vasopressors, hemodialysis, and antibiotics. Almost none of the patients had advance directives in place. Palliative care team was available in only few cases.
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