In the recent years, Mn4+‐doped phosphors for indoor plant cultivation have received extensive concern owing to the far‐red emission that can match well with the absorption spectra of plant pigments. ...Whereas, many Mn4+‐doped phosphors still face some challenges such as poor light efficiency and low thermal stability. It is an effective way to resolve these problems via cation vacancies engineering. Herein, the Ca14−xAl10Zn6−yO35: Mn4+ phosphors are successfully synthesized by combustion method. The luminescence intensity of Ca14−xAl10Zn6−yO35: Mn4+ phosphor is enhanced through engineering Ca2+ and Zn2+ vacancies according to the charge compensation mechanism. The optimal content of each Ca2+ and Zn2+ vacancy is equal to be 0.3. Furthermore, the defect formation is accompanied with lattice distortion, which plays a vital role in driving the excited phonon traps to reduce the energy loss by non‐radiation transitions. Therefore, the thermal stability of Ca14−xAl10Zn6−yO35: Mn4+ phosphor is also improved via engineering cation vacancies. In addition, the Ca14−xAl10Zn6−yO35: Mn4+ phosphors can be effectively excited by blue light and it exhibits far‐red emission due to the Mn4+ spin‐forbidden 2E → 4A2 transition. The results suggest that the Ca14−xAl10Zn6−yO35: Mn4+ phosphors can have a tremendous potential in indoor plant cultivation.
Plant growth LEDs have attracted broad attention in modern society, desperate for specific phosphors with a characteristic emission band. A novel Mn4+ and Dy3+ co-doped Y3Al4GaO12 phosphor were ...successfully prepared through a conventional high-temperature solid-state reaction. A three band emission including red (625–700 nm), orange (550–607 nm) and blue (462–490 nm) is observed in these phosphors when excited under a near-UV lamp, which is ascribed to 2E → 4A2 of Mn4+, 4F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4F9/2 → 6H13/2 of Dy3+, respectively. The three emissions match the absorption spectra of chlorophyll A and chlorophyll B well. Meanwhile, the energy transfer from Dy3+ to Mn4+ was confirmed by the luminescence spectra and lifetime analysis. Finally, an LED device was fabricated that consisted of a 365 nm ultraviolet chip and the Y3Al4GaO12:Mn4+,Dy3+ phosphor. The excellent properties indicate that the synthesized phosphor has a promising application in the optical agricultural industry.
Elicitation of VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is an appealing approach for a preventative HIV-1 vaccine. Despite extensive investigations, strategies to induce VRC01-class bnAbs ...and overcome the barrier posed by the envelope N276 glycan have not been successful. Here, we inferred a high-probability unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the VRC01 lineage and reconstructed the stages of lineage maturation. Env immunogens designed on reverted VRC01-class bnAbs bound to VRC01 UCA with affinity sufficient to activate naive B cells. Early mutations defined maturation pathways toward limited or broad neutralization, suggesting that focusing the immune response is likely required to steer B cell maturation toward the development of neutralization breadth. Finally, VRC01 lineage bnAbs with long CDR H3s overcame the HIV-1 N276 glycan barrier without shortening their CDR L1, revealing a solution for broad neutralization in which the heavy chain, not CDR L1, is the determinant to accommodate the N276 glycan.
Display omitted
•A high-probability VRC01 lineage UCA was inferred and CDRH3 evolution defined•Env immunogens bind to VRC01 UCA with affinity sufficient to activate naive B cells•Early mutations defined maturation pathways toward limited or broad neutralization•Antibodies with long CDRH3s achieved neutralization breadth without shortening CDRL1s
Understanding how HIV-1 VRC01-class broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome maturation barriers is key for vaccine development. Bonsignori et al. inferred the unmutated common ancestor of the VRC01 lineage, reconstructed the stages of lineage maturation, and identified multiple solutions adopted by evolving B cells to overcome the N276 glycan barrier and achieve broad neutralization.
DNA methylation is one of the most abundant epigenetic modifications, which plays important roles in flower development, sex differentiation, and regulation of flowering time. Its pattern is affected ...by cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase (C5-MTase) and DNA demethylase (dMTase). At present, there are no reports on C5-MTase and dMTase genes in heterodichogamous Cyclocarya paliurus.
In this study, 6 CpC5-MTase and 3 CpdMTase genes were identified in diploid (2n = 2 × = 32) C. paliurus, while 20 CpC5-MTase and 13 CpdMTase genes were identified in autotetraploid (2n = 4 × = 64). 80% of identified genes maintained relatively fixed positions on chromosomes during polyploidization. In addition, we found that some DRM subfamily members didn't contain the UBA domain. The transcript abundance of CpC5-MTase and CpdMTase in male and female flowers of two morphs (protandry and protogyny) from diploidy was analyzed. Results showed that all genes were significantly up-regulated at the stage of floral bud break (S2), but significantly down-regulated at the stage of flower maturation (S4). At S2, some CpC5-MTase genes showed higher expression levels in PG-M than in PG-F, whereas some CpdMTase genes showed higher expression levels in PA-M than in PA-F. In addition, these genes were significantly associated with gibberellin synthesis-related genes (e.g. DELLA and GID1), suggesting that DNA methylation may play a role in the asynchronous floral development process through gibberellin signal.
These results broaden our understanding of the CpC5-MTase and CpdMTase genes in diploid and autotetraploid C. paliurus, and provide a novel insight into regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation in heterodichogamy.
Currently, phosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs) are revolutionizing the industry of plant growth lighting. To meet the requirements of this technology, phosphors with tunable photoluminescence, high ...thermal stability and luminous intensity are required. Herein, we found that the simple substitution of yttrium for lanthanum in La2MgTiO6:Mn4+ (LMT:Mn4+) system could satisfy above three criteria simultaneously. The photoluminescence properties can be regulated by continuously controlling the chemical composition of La2-xYxMgTiO6:Mn4+ solid solution. The La sites are occupied by Y ions, causing a significant blue shift in the emission spectra which owing to the change of local crystal field strengthen. Meanwhile, the thermal stability and decay lifetimes are also varied due to the variation of local structure and band gap energy. The thermal stability of the material reaches 83.5% at 150 °C, which is better than the reported La2MgTiO6:Mn4+ and Y2MgTiO6:Mn4+ phosphors. The electronic luminescence (EL) of pc-LED devices using La2-xYxMgTiO6:Mn4+ red phosphor is evaluated, which matching the absorption regions of plant pigments well, reflecting the superiority of the studied phosphors in plant growth lighting areas.
To understand the protective effect of NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC) on mice with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG).
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection ...combined with high-salt diet was used to construct the CAG mouse model, and 100 or 200 mg/kg/day PDTC was intragastrically treated for 8 weeks. Then, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) staining were used to observe the pathology of gastric mucosa, while immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting were determined to detect the expression of related molecules.
The nuclear content of NF-κB p65 in the gastric mucosa of the CAG mice was increased accompanying by the structural disorder of the gastric mucosal epithelium, inflammatory cell infiltration, intestinal metaplasia, and increased MUC2 expression, but the symptoms were alleviated after PDTC treatment. In addition, the expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and COX2 in the gastric mucosa and serum of CAG mice were higher than those control mice, which were reduced in CAG mice treated with either 100 or 200 mg/kg PDTC. Furthermore, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg PDTC treatments reduced the serum PGE
2
in CAG mice with the decreased PCNA and Ki-67 expression in gastric mucosa. The therapeutic effect of 200 mg/kg PDTC was significantly better than that of 100 mg/kg PDTC.
PDTC inhibited inflammation and the excessive proliferation of gastric mucosal epithelial cells, thereby exerting a potential therapeutic effect on CAG.
In the last few years, great efforts have been made to extend the linear projection technique (LPT) for multidimensional data (i.e., tensor), generally referred to as the multilinear projection ...technique (MPT). The vectorized nature of LPT requires high-dimensional data to be converted into vector, and hence may lose spatial neighborhood information of raw data. MPT well addresses this problem by encoding multidimensional data as general tensors of a second or even higher order. In this paper, we propose a novel multilinear projection technique, called multilinear spatial discriminant analysis (MSDA), to identify the underlying manifold of high-order tensor data. MSDA considers both the nonlocal structure and the local structure of data in the transform domain, seeking to learn the projection matrices from all directions of tensor data that simultaneously maximize the nonlocal structure and minimize the local structure. Different from multilinear principal component analysis (MPCA) that aims to preserve the global structure and tensor locality preserving projection (TLPP) that is in favor of preserving the local structure, MSDA seeks a tradeoff between the nonlocal (global) and local structures so as to drive its discriminant information from the range of the non-local structure and the range of the local structure. This spatial discriminant characteristic makes MSDA have more powerful manifold preserving ability than TLPP and MPCA. Theoretical analysis shows that traditional MPTs, such as multilinear linear discriminant analysis, TLPP, MPCA, and tensor maximum margin criterion, could be derived from the MSDA model by setting different graphs and constraints. Extensive experiments on face databases (ORL, CMU PIE, and the extended Yale-B) and the Weizmann action database demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MSDA method.
Somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) can alter thermostability and structural flexibility, but their impact on functional potency is unclear. Here we study ...thermostability and use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess the role of FWR mutations during maturation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). The tested bnAbs show lower thermostability than their unmutated ancestor antibodies. FWR mutations in the Fab elbow region are frequently observed in HIV-1 bnAbs and MD simulations show that such FWR mutations alter interdomain flexibility in two HIV-1 bnAbs. In a CD4-binding site lineage, reversion mutations result in a loss of neutralization potency in an early intermediate and affinity-matured bnAb against autologous and heterologous Tier-2 viruses, respectively. Elbow region reversion mutations in a glycan-V3 bnAb modestly reduces potency against an autologous virus isolate. Thus, selection of mutations in the Fab elbow region impacts interdomain conformational flexibility and paratope plasticity during bnAb development.
To fulfil the demands of high‐power plant growth lamps, cation co‐doping is an effective way to tune the photoluminescence properties of manganese (Ⅳ)‐activated aluminate phosphors. Therefore, we ...managed to synthesize a series of cations co‐doped CaYAlO4:xMn4+, mSr2+, M+ (M+ = Li+, Na+, and K+) (CYAO:Mn, Sr, M) far‐red‐emitting phosphors. The excitation spectrum of these phosphors contained two excitation bands, and the opposite effects of these two bands on the luminescence intensity have been observed with the increase of Mn4+ concentration. By adding 0.1 mol Sr2+ ions to replace Ca2+ site, the emission intensity and thermal stability of CYAO:Mn phosphors can be enhanced. Furthermore, the luminescence properties of CSYAO:Mn can be further improved by co‐doping monovalent alkali metal ions to serve as charge compensators, the increased number of Mn4+ luminescence centers. Moreover, 0.6 mol% Na+ can increase the initial emission intensity of the phosphors by 117% as the best ratio. The characteristic emission spectrum of the phosphors CYAO:Mn,Sr,M correspond to the phytochrome PFR of plants. These experiments and characterization results have certified that these phosphors have a potential application in indoor plants cultivation.
Co‐doping Sr2+ and alkali metal ion (Li+, Na+ and K+) can enhance the luminescence intensity and thermal stability of CYAO: Mn4+ phosphors.
Measuring health-related diet and exercise self-efficacy is an important first step in improving healthy behaviors and health outcomes. However, we did not find a self-efficacy measurement in Chinese ...that is specifically targeted at diet and exercise self-efficacy among healthy adults. The present study aimed to translate the Health-Related Diet and Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale -simplified version into Mandarin Chinese (HRDESES) and evaluate its reliability and validity in Chinese healthy adults. The HRDESES was translated and adapted to the Chinese context, with a good content validity of 0.86 among seven experts. The survey was then carried out in 216 adults in Hunan, China. Testing of the reliability included internal consistency reliability and test-retest reliability, while validity included content validity, construct validity, and criterion validity. The Cronbach's alpha of the HRDESES was 0.87 for the total scale, 0.86 for the diet subscale and 0.91 for the exercise subscale; the McDonald's omega of the HRDESES-SC was 0.85 for the total scale, 0.86 for the diet subscale and 0.91 for the exercise subscale, all demonstrating good internal consistency. The test-retest reliability was 0.88 for the total scale, 0.81 for the diet subscale and 0.82 for the exercise subscale, demonstrating good test-retest reliability. For construct validity, the scale effectively distinguished subjects by age, gender, education, occupation, marital status, and family income, showing good discriminant validity. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported a two-factor structure of the scale: diet and exercise subscale. It was demonstrated that the HRDESES was highly associated with the General Self-Efficacy Scale and its two subscales, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 0.86 (p < 0.05), showing high criterion validity. The HRDESES had good reliability and validity and could be used as a simple and effective tool for assessing the health-related diet and exercise self-efficacy in Chinese healthy adults.
PDF
