Top-Down Control over the Motor Cortex Mars, Rogier B; Rushworth, Matthew F. S; Neubert, Franz-Xaver
Neural Basis of Motivational and Cognitive Control,
10/2011
Book Chapter
This chapter reviews recent evidence of top-down control over the motor cortex during action selection under conflict and action inhibition and describes the role of the pre-supplementary motor area ...(pre-SMA) and right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) in mediating this control. It focuses on the insights gained from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of action reprogramming. The chapter also looks at the interactions within the frontal lobe and discusses how they influence top-down control.
A multidisciplinary overview of key approaches in the study of cognitive control and decision making.
This volume offers a range of perspectives on a simple problem: How does the brain choose ...efficiently and adaptively among options to ensure coherent, goal-directed behavior? The contributors, from fields as varied as anatomy, psychology, learning theory, neuroimaging, neurophysiology, behavioral economics, and computational modeling, present an overview of key approaches in the study of cognitive control and decision making. The book not only presents a survey of cutting-edge research on the topic, it also provides a handbook useful to psychologists, biologists, economists, and neuroscientists alike.
The contributors consider such topics as the anatomical and physiological basis of control, examining core components of the control system, including contributions of the cerebral cortex, the ways in which subcortical brain regions underpin the control functions of the cortex, and neurotransmitter systems; variations in control seen in the development from adolescence to adulthood, in healthy adults, and in patient populations; recent developments in computational approaches, including reinforcement learning; and overarching trends in the current literature, including neuroeconomics, social decision making, and model-based approaches to data from neuroimaging and electrophysiology.
We present an analysis of the ultraviolet luminosity function (UV LF) and star formation rate density of distant galaxies (7.5 < z < 13.5) in the “blank” fields of the Prime Extragalactic Areas for ...Reionization and Lensing Science (PEARLS) survey combined with Early Release Science data from the CEERS, GLASS, and NGDEEP surveys/fields and the first data release of JADES. We use strict quality cuts on EAZY photometric redshifts to obtain a reliable selection and characterization of high-redshift (z > 6.5) galaxies from a consistently processed set of deep, near-infrared imaging. Within an area of 180 arcmin2, we identify 1046 candidate galaxies at redshifts z > 6.5 and we use this sample to study the UV LF in four redshift bins between 7.5 < z < 13.5. The measured number density of galaxies at z = 8 and z = 9 matches those of past observations undertaken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Our z = 10.5 measurements lie between early James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) results and past HST results, indicating cosmic variance may be the cause of previous high density measurements. However, the number densities of UV-luminous galaxies at z = 12.5 are high compared to predictions from simulations. When examining the star formation rate density of galaxies at this period, our observations are still largely consistent with a constant star formation efficiency, are slightly lower than previous early estimations using JWST, and support galaxy driven reionization at z ≤ 8.
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