OBJECTIVE: XXXto assess the effect on cognition of a controlled intervention testing Mediterranean diets (MedDiet). DESIGN: XXXrandomized trial after 6.5 years of nutritional intervention. SETTING: ...Eight primary care centers affiliated to the University of Navarra. PARTICIPANTS: A random subsample of 285 participants (95 randomly allocated to each of 3 groups) of the PREDIMED-NAVARRA trial. All of them were at high vascular risk (44.8% men, 74.1± 5.7 years at cognitive evaluation). INTERVENTIONS: Nutritional intervention comparing two MedDiets (supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil EVOO or mixed nuts) versus a low-fat control diet. Participants received intensive education to increase adherence to the intended intervention. Participants allocated to the MedDiet groups received EVOO (1 l/week) or 30 g/day of mixed nuts. Dietary habits were evaluated using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Additionally, adherence to MedDiet was appraised using a 14-item questionnaire both at baseline and yearly thereafter. MEASUREMENTS: XXXcognitive performance as a main outcome and cognitive status (normal, mild cognitive impairment MCI or dementia) as a secondary outcome were evaluated by two neurologists blinded to group assignment after 6.5 years of nutritional intervention. RESULTS: Better post-trial cognitive performance versus control in all cognitive domains and significantly better performance across fluency and memory tasks were observed for participants allocated to the MedDiet+EVOO group. After adjustment for sex, age, education, apolipoprotein E genotype, family history of cognitive impairment/dementia, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, alcohol and total energy intake, this group also showed lower MCI (OR=0.34 95% CI: 0.12–0.97) compared with control group. Participants assigned to MedDiet+Nuts group did not differ from controls. CONCLUSION: A long-term intervention with an EVOO-rich MedDiet resulted in a better cognitive function in comparison with a control diet. However, non-significant differences were found for most cognitive domains. Participants allocated to an EVOO-rich MedDiet had less MCI than controls.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), which is a polymer used in industrial and orthopedic applications. The composites were ...prepared by ball milling and thermo-compression processes at concentrations up to 3wt.% and subsequently gamma irradiated at 90kGy. Electrical conductivity measurements showed a low percolation threshold of 0.5wt.%. Electron spin resonance detection of the radiation-induced radicals proved the radical scavenger behavior of MWCNTs: when the nanotube concentration increased, the number of radicals generated by the gamma irradiation process decreased. Allyl radicals seem to be the radicals most affected by the presence of nanotubes in this polymeric matrix. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy measurements and an accelerated ageing protocol were performed to ascertain the influence of the irradiation on the oxidation index. The results pointed to the positive contribution of the MWCNTs in increasing the oxidative stability of the composite compared to pure UHMWPE. Crosslinking density induced by gamma irradiation was obtained by swelling measurements. The findings showed that, despite the radical scavenger performance, MWCNTs are capable of maintaining the efficiency of the crosslinking density, unlike the other antioxidants, which inhibit radiation crosslinking.
The rising costs of fishmeal worldwide promote great research effort aimed to find alternative and renewable ingredients for aquafeeds. In the last years considerable attention has been paid to the ...use of algae as a potential ingredient for fish feeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the microalgae Scenedesmus almeriensis incorporated to diets intended to feed sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles in a 45-day trial. Growth, body composition, and intestinal functionality of fish were studied. Microalgae meal was tested in triplicate at different inclusion levels (0%, 12%, 20%, 25% and 39%). At the end of the trial, individual body weight was recorded for evaluation of growth and nutrient utilization, and biological samples were obtained for proximate analysis, determination of digestive enzyme activities, intestinal histology, and microvilli morphological evaluation. Results indicated that S. almeriensis did not cause negative effects on fish growth or nutrient utilization efficiency. Growth rate and protein utilization in fish fed on a diet with 20% Scenedesmus meal tended to be higher, although not significantly different from those fed on control diet. None of the treatments caused adverse effects on body composition. Fish fed 12% S. almeriensis showed higher trypsin than animals fed on control diet. Leucine-aminopeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities showed a quadratic response with increasing levels of Scenedesmus biomass. Ultrastructural study revealed that the dietary inclusion of algal biomass, especially at 20% level, significantly increased the absorptive capacity of intestinal mucosa in both the anterior and posterior intestinal regions. This study confirmed the usefulness of S. almeriensis to partially replace fishmeal in practical diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles.
•The use of Scenedesmus meal did not affect fish growth and nutrient utilization.•The dietary inclusion of Scenedesmus biomass did not affect muscle composition.•The level of intestinal enzyme activities was increased in Scenedesmus-fed sea bream.•Scenedesmus almeriensis biomass may be useful to enhance gut functionality in fish.•S. almeriensis can partially replace fishmeal in diets for sea bream juveniles.
•Machine learning (ML) to model the liver biomechanical behaviour during breathing.•ML is much faster than the popular FEM, allowing real-time soft tissue modelling.•Modelling scheme able to predict ...deformation for a new load and a new liver.•ML regression models were used: three tree-based methods and two simpler ones.•Good prediction performance was obtained: all samples with an error under 1 mm.
Progress in biomechanical modelling of human soft tissue is the basis for the development of new clinical applications capable of improving the diagnosis and treatment of some diseases (e.g. cancer), as well as the surgical planning and guidance of some interventions. The finite element method (FEM) is one of the most popular techniques used to predict the deformation of the human soft tissue due to its high accuracy. However, FEM has an associated high computational cost, which makes it difficult its integration in real-time computer-aided surgery systems. An alternative for simulating the mechanical behaviour of human organs in real time comes from the use of machine learning (ML) techniques, which are much faster than FEM. This paper assesses the feasibility of ML methods for modelling the biomechanical behaviour of the human liver during the breathing process, which is crucial for guiding surgeons during interventions where it is critical to track this deformation (e.g. some specific kind of biopsies) or for the accurate application of radiotherapy dose to liver tumours. For this purpose, different ML regression models were investigated, including three tree-based methods (decision trees, random forests and extremely randomised trees) and other two simpler regression techniques (dummy model and linear regression). In order to build and validate the ML models, a labelled data set was constructed from modelling the deformation of eight ex-vivo human livers using FEM. The best prediction performance was obtained using extremely randomised trees, with a mean error of 0.07 mm and all the samples with an error under 1 mm. The achieved results lay the foundation for the future development of some real-time software capable of simulating the human liver deformation during the breathing process during clinical interventions.
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is a polymer that is widely used in industrial and orthopaedic applications. In this work, pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were ...incorporated into UHMWPE in different concentrations (1, 3 and 5
wt.%) using a ball milling process. UHMWPE/MWCNT nanocomposites were gamma irradiated at 90
kGy to improve the interaction between MWCNTs and the polymer matrix. Structural, thermal and mechanical characterizations were conducted by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and uniaxial tensile techniques. Gamma irradiation produced an increase in the melting temperature, crystallinity and temperature of maximum decomposition rate. The irradiation produced a 38% decrease in the toughness of neat UHMWPE. The incorporation of MWCNTs did not significantly affect the melting point of the neat UHMWPE but decreased the degree of crystallinity of the raw UHMWPE, which was related to a reduction in the UHMWPE lamellar density. An increase in thermal stability was also observed for the nanocomposites compared to neat UHMWPE. The tensile tests showed a 38% increase in the Young’s modulus in the reinforced nanocomposites and a small decrease in toughness (5%). Gamma irradiation of the nanocomposites increased crystallinity, which was related to an increased lamellar thickness, and also improved their thermal stability. The Young’s modulus increased by up to 71% for irradiated nanocomposites and their toughness showed no significant changes in comparison with the non-irradiated nanocomposites. The incorporation of MWCNTs reduced the negative effects of irradiation and compensated for the reduction in toughness. This fact might be attributed to the radical scavenger behaviour of the MWNT as was proved by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) detection of the radiation-induced radicals.
The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is a new tool to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. In the present study, we aimed to determine the association between the DII and BMI, waist ...circumference and waist:height ratio (WHtR). We conducted a cross-sectional study of 7236 participants recruited into the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea trial. Information from a validated 137-item FFQ was used to calculate energy, food and nutrient intakes. A fourteen-item dietary screener was used to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MeDiet). Sex-specific multivariable linear regression models were fitted to estimate differences (and 95 % CI) in BMI, waist circumference and WHtR across the quintiles of the DII. All nutrient intakes, healthy foods and adherence to the MeDiet were higher in the quintile with the lowest DII score (more anti-inflammatory values) except for intakes of animal protein, saturated fat and monounsaturated fat. Although an inverse association between the DII and total energy was apparent, the DII was associated with higher average BMI, waist circumference and WHtR after adjusting for known risk factors. The adjusted difference in the WHtR for women and men between the highest and lowest quintiles of the DII was 1·60 % (95 % CI 0·87, 2·33) and 1·04 % (95 % CI 0·35, 1·74), respectively. Pro-inflammatory scores remained associated with obesity after controlling for the effect that adherence to a MeDiet had on inflammation. In conclusion, the present study shows a direct association between the DII and indices of obesity, and supports the hypothesis that diet may have a role in the development of obesity through inflammatory modulation mechanisms.
Chronic illnesses like obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases, are worldwide major causes of morbidity and mortality. These pathological conditions involve interactions between ...environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors. Recent advances in nutriepigenomics are contributing to clarify the role of some nutritional factors, including dietary fatty acids in gene expression regulation. This systematic review assesses currently available information concerning the role of the different fatty acids on epigenetic mechanisms that affect the development of chronic diseases or induce protective effects on metabolic alterations.
A targeted search was conducted in the PubMed/Medline databases using the keywords "fatty acids and epigenetic". The data were analyzed according to the PRISMA-P guidelines.
Consumption fatty acids like n-3 PUFA: EPA and DHA, and MUFA: oleic and palmitoleic acid was associated with an improvement of metabolic alterations. On the other hand, fatty acids that have been associated with the presence or development of obesity, T2D, pro-inflammatory profile, atherosclerosis and IR were n-6 PUFA, saturated fatty acids (stearic and palmitic), and trans fatty acids (elaidic), have been also linked with epigenetic changes.
Fatty acids can regulate gene expression by modifying epigenetic mechanisms and consequently result in positive or negative impacts on metabolic outcomes.
A high percentage of patients diagnosed with localized colon cancer (CC) will relapse after curative treatment. Although pathological staging currently guides our treatment decisions, there are no ...biomarkers determining minimal residual disease (MRD) and patients are at risk of being undertreated or even overtreated with chemotherapy in this setting. Circulating-tumor DNA (ctDNA) can to be a useful tool to better detect risk of relapse.
One hundred and fifty patients diagnosed with localized CC were prospectively enrolled in our study. Tumor tissue from those patients was sequenced by a custom-targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel to characterize somatic mutations. A minimum variant allele frequency (VAF) of 5% was applied for variant filtering. Orthogonal droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) validation was carried out. We selected known variants with higher VAF to track ctDNA in the plasma samples by ddPCR.
NGS found known pathological mutations in 132 (88%) primary tumors. ddPCR showed high concordance with NGS (r-=-0.77) for VAF in primary tumors. Detection of ctDNA after surgery and in serial plasma samples during follow-up were associated with poorer disease-free survival (DFS) hazard ratio (HR), 17.56; log-rank P-=-0.0014 and HR, 11.33; log-rank P-=-0.0001, respectively. Tracking at least two variants in plasma increased the ability to identify MRD to 87.5%. ctDNA was the only significantly independent predictor of DFS in multivariable analysis. In patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, presence of ctDNA after therapy was associated with early relapse (HR 10.02; log-rank P-<-0.0001). Detection of ctDNA at follow-up preceded radiological recurrence with a median lead time of 11.5-months.
Plasma postoperative ctDNA detected MRD and identified patients at high risk of relapse in localized CC. Mutation tracking with more than one variant in serial plasma samples improved our accuracy in predicting MRD.
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