Net‐winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) are a diverse group of elateroids known for aposematism and neoteny. Phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data have revealed different results ...with respect to within‐group relationships. In this study, we recovered a highly supported phylogenomic phylogeny and identified seven subfamilies: Dexorinae stat.n., Calochrominae stat.n., Erotinae, Ateliinae, Lycinae, Lyropaeinae stat.n. and Metriorrhynchinae stat.n. Our results suggest that female neoteny evolved multiple times. Therefore, the development of similar morphological modifications in neotenics may be linked and may have produced characteristics such as body miniaturization, structural simplification, i.e. reduction of mouthparts, fewer antennomeres and palpomeres, uniquely shaped terminal palpomeres, shortened elytra, the loss of coadaptation between the elytra and pronotum, and others. Additional traits evolved in parallel due to similarities in biology, function and sexual selection. These characteristics include mimetic similarities, the presence of the rostrum, pronotal carinae and elytral costae, and the structure of male genitalia. By comparing the phylogenomic topology with the evolution of morphological characters, we were able to identify evolutionary trends in lycids and compare them with analogues for other neotenic elateroids. These traits have not been accepted as homoplasies due to the ambiguous phylogenetic signal from Sanger sequencing markers.
This study presents the first densely sampled phylogenomic analysis of net‐winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) and compares results with morphology‐based hypotheses.
Multiple origins of female neoteny were recovered and the parallel morphological evolution in males is discussed in detail.
Seven major clades – Dexorinae, Erotinae, Calochrominae, Ateliinae, Lyropaeinae, Lycinae and Metriorrhynchinae – are given subfamily rank in the new classification based on the genomic analysis.
Biologists have reported on the chemical defences and the phenetic similarity of net-winged beetles (Coleoptera: Lycidae) and their co-mimics. Nevertheless, our knowledge has remained fragmental, and ...the evolution of mimetic patterns has not been studied in the phylogenetic context. We illustrate the general appearance of ~ 600 lycid species and ~ 200 co-mimics and their distribution. Further, we assemble the phylogeny using the transcriptomic backbone and ~ 570 species. Using phylogenetic information, we closely scrutinise the relationships among aposematically coloured species, the worldwide diversity, and the distribution of aposematic patterns. The emitted visual signals differ in conspicuousness. The uniform coloured dorsum is ancestral and was followed by the evolution of bicoloured forms. The mottled patterns, i.e. fasciate, striate, punctate, and reticulate, originated later in the course of evolution. The highest number of sympatrically occurring patterns was recovered in New Guinea and the Andean mountain ecosystems (the areas of the highest abundance), and in continental South East Asia (an area of moderate abundance but high in phylogenetic diversity). Consequently, a large number of co-existing aposematic patterns in a single region and/or locality is the rule, in contrast with the theoretical prediction, and predators do not face a simple model-like choice but cope with complex mimetic communities. Lycids display an ancestral aposematic signal even though they sympatrically occur with differently coloured unprofitable relatives. We show that the highly conspicuous patterns evolve within communities predominantly formed by less conspicuous Müllerian mimics and, and often only a single species displays a novel pattern. Our work is a forerunner to the detailed research into the aposematic signalling of net-winged beetles.
The neotenic Platerodrilus net-winged beetles have strongly modified development where females do not pupate and retain larval morphology when sexually mature. As a result, dispersal propensity of ...females is extremely low and the lineage can be used for reconstruction of ancient dispersal and vicariance patterns and identification of centres of diversity. We identified three deep lineages in Platerodrilus occurring predominantly in (1) Borneo and the Philippines, (2) continental Asia, and (3) Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Java. We document limited ranges of all species of Platerodrilus and complete species level turnover between the Sunda Islands and even between individual mountain regions in Sumatra. Few dispersal events were recovered among the major geographical regions despite long evolutionary history of occurrence; all of them were dated at the early phase of Platerodrilus diversification up to the end of Miocene and no exchange of island faunas was identified during the Pliocene and Pleistocene despite the frequently exposed Sunda Shelf as sea levels fluctuated with each glacial cycle. We observed high diversity in the regions with persisting humid tropical forests during cool periods. The origins of multiple species were inferred in Sumatra soon after the island emerged and the mountain range uplifted 15 million years ago with the speciation rate lower since then. We suppose that the extremely low dispersal propensity makes Platerodrilus a valuable indicator of uninterrupted persistence of rainforests over a long time span. Additionally, if the diversity of these neotenic lineages is to be protected, a high dense system of protected areas would be necessary.
We synthesize the evidence from molecular phylogenetics, extant distribution, and plate tectonics to present an insight in ancestral areas, dispersal routes and the effectiveness of geographic ...barriers for net-winged beetle tribes (Coleoptera: Lycidae). Samples from all zoogeographical realms were assembled and phylogenetic relationships for ~550 species and 25 tribes were inferred using nuclear rRNA and mtDNA markers. The analyses revealed well-supported clades at the rank of tribes as they have been defined using morphology, but a low support for relationships among them. Most tribes started their diversification in Southeast and East Asia or are endemic to this region. Slipinskiini and Dexorini are Afrotropical endemics and Calopterini, Eurrhacini, Thonalmini, and Leptolycini remained isolated in South America and the Caribbean after their separation from northern continents. Lycini, Calochromini, and Erotini support relationships between the Nearctic and eastern Palearctic faunas; Calochromini colonized the Afrotropical realm from East Asia and Metriorrhynchini Afrotropical and Oriental realms from the drifting Indian subcontinent. Most tribes occur in the Oriental and Sino-Japanese realms, the highest alpha-taxonomic diversity was identified in Malesian tropical rainforests. The turn-over at zoogeographical boundaries is discussed when only short distance over-sea colonization events were inferred. The lycid phylogeny shows that poor dispersers can be used for reconstruction of dispersal and vicariance history over a long time-span, but the current data are insufficient for reconstruction of the early phase of their diversification.
Rhinorhipidae Lawrence, 1988 is an enigmatic beetle family represented by a single species,
Lawrence, 1988, from Australia, with poorly established affinities near the superfamily Elateroidea (click ...beetles, soldier beetles and fireflies) or the more inclusive series (infraorder) Elateriformia. Its evolutionary position may inform the basal relationships of the suborder Polyphaga, the largest clade of Coleoptera.
We analyzed four densely sampled DNA datasets of major coleopteran lineages for mitogenomes, rRNA genes and single copy nuclear genes. Additionally, genome sequencing was used for incorporation of
into a set of 4220 orthologs for 24 terminals representing 12 polyphagan superfamilies. Topologies differed to various degrees, but all consistently refute the proposed placement of Rhinorhipidae in Elateroidea and instead indicate either sister relationships with other Elateriformia, frequently together with Nosodendridae, another divergent small family hitherto placed in Derodontoidea, or in an isolated position among the deepest lineages of Polyphaga. The phylogenomic analyses recovered
in a sister position to all other Elateriformia composed of five superfamilies. Therefore, we erect the new superfamily Rhinorhipoidea Lawrence, 1988,
, with the type-family Rhinorhipidae. The origins of the Rhinorhipidae were dated to the Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic at the very early phase of polyphagan diversification.
Thus, Rhinorhipidae adds another example to several recently recognized ancient relict lineages which are interspersed within contemporaneous hugely species-rich lineages of Coleoptera.
Compartment syndrome and regional anaesthesia: Critical review Klucka, Jozef; Stourac, Petr; Stouracova, Alena ...
Biomedical Papers/Biomedical Papers of the Faculty of Medicine of Palacký University, Olomouc Czech Republic,
09/2017, Volume:
161, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a potential orthopaedic/traumatology emergency. Without prompt, precise diagnosis and immediate treatment with surgical decompressive fasciotomy it can lead to ...neurological dysfunction and disability. The role of regional anaesthesia (RA) in patients at risk for ACS/ and in those with developed ACS is controversial. The aim of this critical review was to answer the question, whether regional anaesthesia can delay the diagnosis. The authors use an evidence-based approach to discuss these high risk patients in considering RA as a method of choice for effective analgesia. To the date of data collection, there was no single case report identified where RA alone led to delay in ACS diagnosis and surgical treatment. In four clinical cases, epidural analgesia can be associated with delayed ACS diagnosis. Frequent clinical evaluation and breakthrough pain despite a functional RA in combination with intracompartment pressure measurement remains the keystone of recommended management for patients at risk of ACS.
The Oriental neotenic net-winged beetles attracted attention of biologists due to conspicuous large-bodied females; nevertheless phylogenetic relationships remain contentious and only a few species ...are known in both the fully metamorphosed males and neotenic females. The phylogenetic analyses and morphology of larvae and adults provide data for investigation of relationships and species delineation. Platrilus Kazantsev, 2009, Platerodriloplesius Wittmer, 1944, and Falsocalochromus Pic, 1942 are synonymized to Platerodrilus Pic, 1921. Platrilus hirtus (Wittmer, 1938) and Pl. crassicornis (Pic, 1923) are transferred to Platerodrilus Pic, 1921. Platerodrilus hoiseni Wong, 1996 is proposed as a junior subjective synonym of Falsocalochromus ruficollis Pic, 1942. Platerodrilus is divided in three species-groups: P. paradoxus, P. major, and P. sinuatus groups defined based on the shape of genitalia and molecular phylogeny. The following species are described: Platerodrilus foliaceus sp. n., P. wongi sp. n. (P. paradoxus group); P. ngi sp. n., P. wittmeri (P. major group), P. ijenensis sp. n., P. luteus sp. n., P. maninjauensis sp. n., P. montanus sp. n., P. palawanensis sp. n., P. ranauensis sp. n., P. sibayakensis sp. n., P. sinabungensis sp. n., P. talamauensis sp. n., and P. tujuhensis sp. n. (P. sinuatus group). P. korinchiana robinsoni Blair, 1928 is elevated to the species rank as P. robinsoni Blair, 1928, stat. n. The conspecific semaphoronts are identified using molecular phylogeny for P. foliaceus sp. n., P. tujuhensis sp. n., P. montanus sp. n., P. maninjauensis sp. n.; additional female larvae are assigned to the species-groups. Diagnostic characters are illustrated and keys are provided for P. paradoxus and P. major groups.
A numerically effective description of the total active reflection coefficient and realized gain is studied for multiport antennas. Material losses are fully considered. The description is based on ...operators represented in an entire-domain port-mode basis, i.e., on matrices with favorably small dimensions. Optimal performance is investigated, and the conditions on optimal excitation and matching are derived. The solution to the combinatorial problem of optimal ports' placement and optimal feeding synthesis is also accomplished. Four examples of various complexities are numerically studied, demonstrating the advantages of the proposed method. The final formulas can easily be implemented in existing electromagnetic simulators using an integral equation solver.
Excitation of Orthogonal Radiation States Masek, Michal; Jelinek, Lukas; Capek, Miloslav
IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,
09/2021, Volume:
69, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
A technique for designing antenna excitation realizing orthogonal states is presented. It is shown that a symmetric antenna geometry is required in order to achieve orthogonality with respect to all ...physical quantities. A maximal number of achievable orthogonal states and a minimal number of ports required to excite them are rigorously determined from the knowledge of an antenna's symmetries. The number of states and the number of ports are summarized for commonly used point groups (a rectangle, a square, and so on). The theory is applied to an example of a rectangular rim where the positions of ports providing the best total active reflection coefficient, an important metric in multiport systems, are determined. The described technique can easily be implemented in existing solvers based on integral equations.
A problem of the erroneous duality gap caused by the presence of symmetries is solved in this article utilizing the point group theory. The optimization problems are first divided into two classes ...based on their predisposition to suffer from this deficiency. Then, the classical problem of Q-factor minimization is shown in an example where the erroneous duality gap is eliminated by combining solutions from orthogonal subspaces. The validity of this treatment is demonstrated in a series of subsequent examples of increasing complexity spanning the wide variety of optimization problems, namely, minimum Q-factor, maximum antenna gain, minimum total active reflection coefficient (TARC), or maximum radiation efficiency with self-resonant constraint. They involve problems with algebraic and geometric multiplicities of the eigenmodes and are completed by an example introducing the selective modification of modal currents falling into one of the symmetry-conformal subspaces. The entire treatment is accompanied by a discussion of finite numerical precision, and mesh grid imperfections and their influence on the results. Finally, the robust and unified algorithm is proposed and discussed, including advanced topics, such as the uniqueness of the optimal solutions, dependence on the number of constraints, or an interpretation of the qualitative difference between the two classes of the optimization problems.
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