ABSTRACT The scatter in the relationship between the strength of C ii 158 $\mu$m emission and the star formation rate at high redshift has been the source of much recent interest. Although the ...relationship is well established locally, several intensely star-forming galaxies have been found whose C ii 158 $\mu$m emission is either weak, absent, or spatially offset from the young stars. Here we present new ALMA data for the two most distant gravitationally lensed and spectroscopically confirmed galaxies, A2744_YD4 at z = 8.38 and MACS1149_JD1 at z = 9.11, both of which reveal intense O iii 88 $\mu$m emission. In both cases we provide stringent upper limits on the presence of C ii 158 $\mu$m with respect to O iii 88 $\mu$m. We review possible explanations for this apparent redshift-dependent C ii deficit in the context of our recent hydrodynamical simulations. Our results highlight the importance of using several emission line diagnostics with ALMA to investigate the nature of the interstellar medium in early galaxies.
We have developed a normally-off GaN-based transistor using conductivity modulation, which we call a gate injection transistor (GIT). This new device principle utilizes hole-injection from the ...p-AlGaN to the AlGaN/GaN heterojunction, which simultaneously increases the electron density in the channel, resulting in a dramatic increase of the drain current owing to the conductivity modulation. The fabricated GIT exhibits a threshold voltage of 1.0 V with a maximum drain current of 200 mA/mm, in which a forward gate voltage of up to 6 V can be applied. The obtained specific ON-state resistance (R ON . A) and the OFF-state breakdown voltage (BV ds ) are 2.6 mOmega . cm 2 and 800 V, respectively. The developed GIT is advantageous for power switching applications.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients accumulate uremic toxins in the body, potentially require dialysis, and can eventually develop cardiovascular disease. CKD incidence has increased worldwide, and ...preventing CKD progression is one of the most important goals in clinical treatment. In this study, we conducted a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments and employed a metabolomics approach to investigate CKD. Our results demonstrated that ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) is a major transporter of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate. ABCG2 regulates the pathophysiological excretion of indoxyl sulfate and strongly affects CKD survival rates. Our study is the first to report ABCG2 as a physiological exporter of indoxyl sulfate and identify ABCG2 as a crucial factor influencing CKD progression, consistent with the observed association between ABCG2 function and age of dialysis onset in humans. The above findings provided valuable knowledge on the complex regulatory mechanisms that regulate the transport of uremic toxins in our body and serve as a basis for preventive and individualized treatment of CKD.
We present the results from a 1.1-mm imaging survey of the SSA22 field, known for having an overdensity of z = 3.1 Lyman α emitting galaxies (LAEs), taken with the astronomical thermal emission ...camera (AzTEC) on the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). We imaged a 950-arcmin2 field down to a 1σ sensitivity of 0.7–1.3 mJy beam−1 to find 125 submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) with a signal-to-noise ratio ≥3.5. Counterpart identification using radio and near/mid-infrared data was performed and one or more counterpart candidates were found for 59 SMGs. Photometric redshifts based on optical to near-infrared images were evaluated for 45 of these SMGs with Spitzer/IRAC data and the median value is found to be z = 2.4. By combining these estimations with estimates from the literature, we determined that 10 SMGs might lie within the large-scale structure at z = 3.1. The two-point angular cross-correlation function between LAEs and SMGs indicates that the positions of the SMGs are correlated with the z = 3.1 protocluster. These results suggest that the SMGs were formed and evolved selectively in the high dense environment of the high-redshift Universe. This picture is consistent with the predictions of the standard model of hierarchical structure formation.
Recently, the clean electric power generation systems have attracted a great deal of social attention to exploit the clean-energy resources such as solar arrays, wind generators, fuel cells, and so ...forth. In this case, a multiple-input dc-dc converter is useful to combine the several input power sources and to supply the regulated output voltage for the load from the power sources. The novel solar-cell power supply system using the buck-boost-type two-input dc-dc converter is proposed, in which a solar array and a commercial ac line are employed as power sources and are combined by two input windings of the energy-storage reactor. Also, its operation principle and performance characteristics are discussed. Furthermore, the solar-cell optimum-operating-point tracker is proposed and examined. It is confirmed by the experiment that the proposed solar-cell power supply system has excellent performance characteristics.
Abstract
The protoclusters in the epoch of reionization, traced by galaxy overdensity regions, are ideal laboratories for studying the process of stellar assembly and cosmic reionization. We present ...the spectroscopic confirmation of the core of the most distant protocluster at
z
= 7.88, A2744-z7p9OD, with the James Webb Space Telescope NIRSpec integral field unit spectroscopy. The core region includes as many as four galaxies detected in O
iii
4960 and 5008 Å in a small area of ∼3″ × 3″, corresponding to ∼11 × 11 kpc, after the lensing magnification correction. Three member galaxies are also tentatively detected in dust continuum in Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 6, which is consistent with their red ultraviolet continuum slopes,
β
∼ −1.3. The member galaxies have stellar masses in the range of log(
M
*
/
M
⊙
) ∼7.6–9.2 and star formation rates of ∼3–50
M
⊙
yr
−1
, showing a diversity in their properties. FirstLight cosmological simulations reproduce the physical properties of the member galaxies including the stellar mass, O
iii
luminosity, and dust-to-stellar mass ratio, and predict that the member galaxies are on the verge of merging in a few to several tens of Myr to become a large galaxy with
M
*
∼ 6 × 10
9
M
⊙
. The presence of a multiple merger and evolved galaxies in the core region of A2744-z7p9OD indicates that environmental effects are already at work 650 Myr after the Big Bang.
There are case reports of mouth ulcers caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine; however, the actual number and characteristics of cases are ...unknown. Therefore, we examined this issue using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER), a large Japanese database. We calculated the reported odds ratio (ROR) of drugs that may be specifically associated with mouth ulcers and assumed that a signal was present if the lower limit of the calculated ROR's 95% confidence interval (CI) was > 1. In addition, the time to symptom onset after administration of the COVID-19 mRNA and influenza HA vaccines was investigated. We found that the JADER database contained 4,661 mouth ulcer cases between April 2004 and March 2022. The COVID-19 mRNA vaccine was the eighth most common causative drug for mouth ulcers, with 204 reported cases. The ROR was 1.6 (95% CI, 1.4-1.9) and a signal was detected. There were 172 mouthulcer cases associated with the Pfizer-BioNTech's COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, 76.2% of which were female. The outcome was no unrecovered cases with the influenza HA vaccine, whereas the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine showed unrecovered cases (Pfizer-BioNTech: 12.2%, Moderna: 11.1%). The median time-to-onset of the mouth ulcers was two days for the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and one day for the influenza HA vaccine, indicating that mouth ulcers caused by the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine were delayed adverse events. In this study, the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine was shown to cause mouth ulcers in a Japanese population.
Context.
Characterizing the galaxy population in the early Universe holds the key to understanding the evolution of these objects and the role they played in cosmic reionization. However, there have ...been very few observations at the very highest redshifts to date.
Aims.
In order to shed light on the properties of galaxies in the high-redshift Universe and their interstellar media, we observe the Lyman-
α
emitting galaxy
z7_GSD_3811
at
z
= 7.664 with bands 6 and 8 at the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).
Methods.
We target the far-infrared O
III
88
μ
m and C
II
158
μ
m emission lines and dust continuum in the star-forming galaxy z7_GSD_3811 with ALMA. We combine these measurements with earlier observations in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) in order to characterize the object and compare the results to those of earlier studies that observed O
III
and C
II
emission in high-redshift galaxies.
Results.
The O
III
88
μ
m and C
II
158
μ
m emission lines are undetected at the position of z7_GSD_3811, with 3
σ
upper limits of 1.6 × 10
8
L
⊙
and 4.0 × 10
7
L
⊙
, respectively. We do not detect any dust continuum in band 6 nor band 8. The measured rms in the band 8 and band 6 continua are 26 and 9.9
μ
Jy beam
−1
, respectively. Similar to several other high-redshift galaxies, z7_GSD_3811 exhibits low C
II
emission for its star formation rate compared to local galaxies. Furthermore, our upper limit on the O
III
line luminosity is lower than the previously observed O
III
lines in high-redshift galaxies with similar UV luminosities. Our ALMA band 6 and 8 dust continuum observations imply that z7_GSD_3811 likely has a low dust content, and our non-detections of the O
III
and C
II
lines could indicate that z7_GSD_3811 has a low metallicity (
Z
≲ 0.1
Z
⊙
).
![The absence of [C ii ] 158 ...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1745-3925_0035-8711/small "The absence of [C ii ] 158 $\mu$m emission in spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at z > 8")
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